Difference between revisions of "John's Linux page"

From ProgClub
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(49 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
  
 
Note: the info on this page is probably Ubuntu (and Debian as an outside chance) specific, because I use Ubuntu pretty much everywhere these days.
 
Note: the info on this page is probably Ubuntu (and Debian as an outside chance) specific, because I use Ubuntu pretty much everywhere these days.
 +
 +
You might also be interested in [[John's hacks]].
  
 
Quick jump to: [[#NetBeans|NetBeans]].
 
Quick jump to: [[#NetBeans|NetBeans]].
 +
 +
= References =
 +
 +
== Command-line ==
 +
 +
See [https://zaiste.net/posts/shell-commands-rust/ Shell Commands I Wish I Knew Earlier] for some interesting options.
  
 
= System =
 
= System =
 +
 +
== Reporting system specifications from the command-line ==
 +
 +
Try any of these:
 +
 +
# neofetch
 +
# inxi
 +
# hwinfo --short
 +
 +
You may need to install the relevant package.
  
 
== Determining which Debian/Ubuntu release your are running ==
 
== Determining which Debian/Ubuntu release your are running ==
Line 28: Line 46:
  
 
  $ uname -a
 
  $ uname -a
 +
 +
== Determining which Linux kernel you are running ==
 +
 +
$ uname -r
  
 
== Configuring system swappiness ==
 
== Configuring system swappiness ==
Line 44: Line 66:
  
 
  # lshw
 
  # lshw
 
And for CPUs:
 
 
# lscpu
 
  
 
And for PCI devices:
 
And for PCI devices:
Line 56: Line 74:
  
 
  # dmidecode
 
  # dmidecode
 +
 +
Note that the dmidecode command (above) will give you information about your system's motherboard. For motherboard info look for 'System Information' and/or 'Base Board Information'.
  
 
Or the grand daddy of them all:
 
Or the grand daddy of them all:
Line 79: Line 99:
 
  Info:      Processes: 355 Uptime: 11 days Memory: 21198.3/32043.3MB Client: Shell (bash) inxi: 2.3.5
 
  Info:      Processes: 355 Uptime: 11 days Memory: 21198.3/32043.3MB Client: Shell (bash) inxi: 2.3.5
  
== Viewing syslog and other logs with KSystemLog ==
+
=== Motherboard info ===
 +
 
 +
# dmidecode -t 2
 +
 
 +
=== CPU info ===
 +
 
 +
# lscpu
 +
 
 +
or:
  
Run the 'KSystemLog' program under KDE for a handy log viewer GUI.
+
# cat /proc/cpuinfo
  
= Power =
+
=== RAM info ===
  
== Reporting on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS status ==
+
# dmidecode --type memory
  
To see the status of the [https://powershield.com.au/powersheild_product/defender/ PowerShield DEFENDER] systems on John's LAN:
+
=== PCI info ===
  
  $ upsc defender
+
  # lspci -v
  
E.g.:
+
=== Drive info ===
  
  jj5@orac:~$ upsc defender
+
  # cat /proc/partitions
Init SSL without certificate database
 
battery.charge: 100
 
battery.voltage: 27.40
 
battery.voltage.high: 26.00
 
battery.voltage.low: 20.80
 
battery.voltage.nominal: 24.0
 
device.type: ups
 
driver.name: blazer_usb
 
driver.parameter.pollinterval: 2
 
driver.parameter.port: auto
 
driver.parameter.synchronous: no
 
driver.version: 2.7.4
 
driver.version.internal: 0.12
 
input.current.nominal: 5.0
 
input.frequency: 50.1
 
input.frequency.nominal: 50
 
input.voltage: 242.6
 
input.voltage.fault: 242.6
 
input.voltage.nominal: 240
 
output.voltage: 242.6
 
ups.beeper.status: disabled
 
ups.delay.shutdown: 30
 
ups.delay.start: 180
 
ups.load: 14
 
ups.productid: 5161
 
ups.status: OL
 
ups.type: offline / line interactive
 
ups.vendorid: 0665
 
  
== Run commands on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS batteries ==
+
and:
  
You can run "instant commands" using the '''upscmd''' command.
+
# hdparm -I /dev/sda
  
We use the 'beeper.toggle' instant command in our Salt Stack config to disable the beeper, see e.g.:
+
and:
  
  diligence:/srv/salt/conf/app/defender-1200.sls
+
  # smartctl --info /dev/sda
  
To see "instant commands" supported by the PowerShield DEFENDER:
+
You can check if a drive is SSD or not with:
  
  $ upscmd -l defender
+
  # cat /sys/block/sde/queue/rotational
  
E.g.:
+
0=SSD
 +
1=HDD
  
jj5@orac:~$ upscmd -l defender
+
== Viewing syslog and other logs with KSystemLog ==
Instant commands supported on UPS [defender]:
 
 
beeper.toggle - Toggle the UPS beeper
 
load.off - Turn off the load immediately
 
load.on - Turn on the load immediately
 
shutdown.return - Turn off the load and return when power is back
 
shutdown.stayoff - Turn off the load and remain off
 
shutdown.stop - Stop a shutdown in progress
 
test.battery.start - Start a battery test
 
test.battery.start.deep - Start a deep battery test
 
test.battery.start.quick - Start a quick battery test
 
test.battery.stop - Stop the battery test
 
  
= Environment =
+
Run the 'KSystemLog' program under KDE for a handy log viewer GUI.
  
== Configuring vim as your editor ==
+
= CPU =
  
Sometimes all you need is:
+
== Monitoring CPU clock speed ==
  
$ export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim
+
Try something like this:
  
Which works for svn, for example. Add it to your ~/.profile file to have it set for all login sessions.
+
$ watch 'grep MHz /proc/cpuinfo | awk "{ print \$4 }" | sort -n'
  
Other times you need to run
+
= Power =
  
# update-alternatives --config editor
+
== Reporting on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS status ==
  
And then select vim from the list. This is what you do to configure your visudo editor.
+
Before running `upsc` ensure service is running:
  
== Configuring your locale ==
+
# upsdrvctl start
  
$ sudo /usr/sbin/locale-gen en_AU.UTF-8
+
To see the status of the [https://powershield.com.au/powersheild_product/defender/ PowerShield DEFENDER] systems on John's LAN:
$ sudo /usr/sbin/update-locale LANG=en_AU.UTF-8
 
  
= User and group management =
+
$ upsc defender
  
== Adding a user ==
+
E.g.:
  
To add a new user on a linux system:
+
jj5@orac:~$ upsc defender
 +
Init SSL without certificate database
 +
battery.charge: 100
 +
battery.voltage: 27.40
 +
battery.voltage.high: 26.00
 +
battery.voltage.low: 20.80
 +
battery.voltage.nominal: 24.0
 +
device.type: ups
 +
driver.name: blazer_usb
 +
driver.parameter.pollinterval: 2
 +
driver.parameter.port: auto
 +
driver.parameter.synchronous: no
 +
driver.version: 2.7.4
 +
driver.version.internal: 0.12
 +
input.current.nominal: 5.0
 +
input.frequency: 50.1
 +
input.frequency.nominal: 50
 +
input.voltage: 242.6
 +
input.voltage.fault: 242.6
 +
input.voltage.nominal: 240
 +
output.voltage: 242.6
 +
ups.beeper.status: disabled
 +
ups.delay.shutdown: 30
 +
ups.delay.start: 180
 +
ups.load: 14
 +
ups.productid: 5161
 +
ups.status: OL
 +
ups.type: offline / line interactive
 +
ups.vendorid: 0665
  
# useradd username
+
== Run commands on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS batteries ==
# passwd username
 
  
To have the home directory created from '/etc/skel' use the 'adduser' script instead:
+
You can run "instant commands" using the '''upscmd''' command.
  
# adduser username
+
We use the 'beeper.toggle' instant command in our Salt Stack config to disable the beeper, see e.g.:
  
== Adding a user to a group ==
+
diligence:/srv/salt/conf/app/defender-1200.sls
  
To add an existing user to an existing group:
+
To see "instant commands" supported by the PowerShield DEFENDER:
  
  # gpasswd -a username group
+
  $ upscmd -l defender
  
e.g. to add user 'jj5' to the 'sudo' group:
+
E.g.:
  
  # gpasswd -a jj5 sudo
+
  jj5@orac:~$ upscmd -l defender
 +
Instant commands supported on UPS [defender]:
 +
 +
beeper.toggle - Toggle the UPS beeper
 +
load.off - Turn off the load immediately
 +
load.on - Turn on the load immediately
 +
shutdown.return - Turn off the load and return when power is back
 +
shutdown.stayoff - Turn off the load and remain off
 +
shutdown.stop - Stop a shutdown in progress
 +
test.battery.start - Start a battery test
 +
test.battery.start.deep - Start a deep battery test
 +
test.battery.start.quick - Start a quick battery test
 +
test.battery.stop - Stop the battery test
  
Alternatively you can use adduser, passing the username and group:
+
= Service management =
  
# adduser username group
+
== Report running services ==
  
e.g. to add user 'sclaughl' to the 'staff' group:
+
# service --status-all
  
# adduser sclaughl staff
+
= Environment =
  
== Disabling a user account ==
+
== Configuring vim as your editor ==
  
You can disable a user account with:
+
Sometimes all you need is:
  
  # passwd -l user
+
  $ export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim
  
Note: that's a lower-case L, not a one.
+
Which works for svn, for example. Add it to your ~/.profile file to have it set for all login sessions.
  
== Enabling a disabled user account ==
+
Other times you need to run
  
To can re-enable a locked user account with:
+
# update-alternatives --config editor
  
# passwd -u user
+
And then select vim from the list. This is what you do to configure your visudo editor.
  
== Finding which user you are logged in as ==
+
== Configuring your locale ==
  
To determine which user you are running as enter the command:
+
$ sudo /usr/sbin/locale-gen en_AU.UTF-8
 +
$ sudo /usr/sbin/update-locale LANG=en_AU.UTF-8
  
$ whoami
+
= User and group management =
  
== Finding which groups you are a member of ==
+
== Adding a user ==
  
To find which groups you are a member of:
+
To add a new user on a linux system:
  
  $ groups
+
  # useradd username
 +
# passwd username
  
or
+
To have the home directory created from '/etc/skel' use the 'adduser' script instead:
  
  $ groups username
+
  # adduser username
  
Where 'username' is the username of the user you are querying, e.g.:
+
== Adding a user to a group ==
  
$ groups jj5
+
To add an existing user to an existing group:
  
== Finding who else is logged in to the system ==
+
# gpasswd -a username group
  
To see who else is logged in,
+
e.g. to add user 'jj5' to the 'sudo' group:
  
  $ who
+
  # gpasswd -a jj5 sudo
  
== Running a command as a particular user ==
+
Alternatively you can use adduser, passing the username and group:
  
To run "svn update" as the user www-data:
+
# adduser username group
  
$ sudo su -c "svn update" www-data
+
e.g. to add user 'sclaughl' to the 'staff' group:
  
== Reporting user and group info for the current user ==
+
# adduser sclaughl staff
  
$ id
+
== Disabling a user account ==
  
= Memory management =
+
You can disable a user account with:
  
== Checking available memory ==
+
# passwd -l user
  
To report memory statistics in megabytes:
+
Note: that's a lower-case L, not a one.
  
$ free -m
+
== Enabling a disabled user account ==
  
== Check for swap thrashing ==
+
To can re-enable a locked user account with:
  
Check your virtual memory status with vmstat:
+
# passwd -u user
  
$ vmstat
+
== Finding which user you are logged in as ==
  
== Report memory type ==
+
To determine which user you are running as enter the command:
  
Report on RAM DIMMs:
+
$ whoami
  
# dmidecode --type 17
+
== Finding which groups you are a member of ==
  
Report on RAM and CPU cache:
+
To find which groups you are a member of:
  
  # lshw -short -C memory
+
  $ groups
  
Or for more detail:
+
or
  
  # lshw -C memory
+
  $ groups username
  
= Video/display management =
+
Where 'username' is the username of the user you are querying, e.g.:
  
== Viewing EDID data for attached monitor ==
+
$ groups jj5
  
To view [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data EDID] data for an attached monitor (requires the [https://packages.debian.org/stable/main/edid-decode edid-decode] package):
+
== Finding who else is logged in to the system ==
  
$ cd /sys/class/drm
+
To see who else is logged in,
$ ls
 
$ cd card0-HDMI-A-1
 
$ edid-decode edid
 
  
= Process management =
+
$ who
  
== Using 'top' for dynamic resource usage reporting ==
+
== Running a command as a particular user ==
  
To run top:
+
To run "svn update" as the user www-data:
  
  $ top
+
  $ sudo su -c "svn update" www-data
  
See [https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/01/15-practical-unix-linux-top-command-examples/ 15 Practical Linux Top Command Examples] for some hints on usage.
+
== Reporting user and group info for the current user ==
  
To see usage for a specific user run e.g.:
+
$ id
  
$ top -u jj5
+
= Memory management =
  
To see full command-line press 'c'.
+
== Checking available memory ==
  
When you're in 'top' you can:
+
To report memory statistics in megabytes:
  
* press '1' (one) to toggle CPU aggregation
+
$ free -m
* press < and > to change the sort column
 
  
== Changing memory reporting in 'top' ==
+
== Check for swap thrashing ==
  
To run top:
+
Check your virtual memory status with vmstat:
  
  $ top
+
  $ vmstat
  
Press 'E' to switch between top memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)
+
== Report memory type ==
  
Press 'e' to switch between bottom memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)
+
Report on RAM DIMMs:
  
Press 'M' to sort by memory utilisation.
+
# dmidecode --type 17
  
Press 'm' to switch between various display modes.
+
Report on RAM and CPU cache (including L1, L2, and L3):
  
== Showing full command-line in 'top' ==
+
# lshw -short -C memory
  
To see the full command-line for processes run with -c:
+
Or for more detail:
  
  $ top -c
+
  # lshw -C memory
  
== Listing all processes currently running which were started in your current shell session ==
+
= Video/display management =
  
$ ps -fl
+
== Viewing EDID data for attached monitor ==
  
== Killing specific processes ==
+
To view [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data EDID] data for an attached monitor (requires the [https://packages.debian.org/stable/main/edid-decode edid-decode] package):
  
  # ps aux | grep -e "this\|that" | grep -v grep | tr -s " " | cut -d " " -f 2 | xargs kill -9
+
  $ cd /sys/class/drm
 +
$ ls
 +
$ cd card0-HDMI-A-1
 +
$ edid-decode edid
  
= Disk management =
+
= Process management =
  
== Creating a partition table ==
+
== Using 'top' for dynamic resource usage reporting ==
  
# parted /dev/xvdf
+
To run top:
  
  mktable msdos
+
  $ top
  
== Creating a partition ==
+
See [https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/01/15-practical-unix-linux-top-command-examples/ 15 Practical Linux Top Command Examples] for some hints on usage.
  
# parted /dev/xvdf
+
To see usage for a specific user run e.g.:
  
  u MiB
+
  $ top -u jj5
mkpart primary 1 100%
 
  
== Creating an ext4 file-system ==
+
To see full command-line press 'c'.
  
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdf1
+
When you're in 'top' you can:
  
== Listing disk drives ==
+
* press '1' (one) to toggle CPU aggregation
 +
* press < and > to change the sort column
  
# fdisk -l
+
== Changing memory reporting in 'top' ==
  
(That's an L for "list")
+
To run top:
  
== Checking available disk space ==
+
$ top
  
$ df -h
+
Press 'E' to switch between top memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)
  
== Getting disk information ==
+
Press 'e' to switch between bottom memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)
  
# lsblk
+
Press 'M' to sort by memory utilisation.
  
And
+
Press 'm' to switch between various display modes.
  
# cat /proc/partitions
+
== Showing full command-line in 'top' ==
  
Or the Grand Daddy of them all:
+
To see the full command-line for processes run with -c:
  
  # lshw -class disk
+
  $ top -c
  
(Requires the lshw package.)
+
== Listing all processes currently running which were started in your current shell session ==
  
== Getting partition UUID and file-system type ==
+
$ ps -fl
  
# blkid
+
== Killing specific processes ==
  
== Checking for SSD vs magnetic disk ==
+
# ps aux | grep -e "this\|that" | grep -v grep | tr -s " " | cut -d " " -f 2 | xargs kill -9
  
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational
+
== Run a command for a specified time using timeout ==
  
Will be 0 for SSD and 1 for magnetic.
+
$ timeout 3 ping jj5.net
  
== Monitoring a ZFS server ==
+
= Disk management =
  
So some commands I run to keep an eye on my new ZFS servers:
+
== Power-off a hard drive ==
  
# top
+
For instance if it's a USB drive or in a mobile rack and you want to remove it.
# iotop
 
# nethogs
 
# watch free -h
 
# watch slabtop -o
 
# slabtop
 
# watch cat /proc/meminfo
 
# perf top
 
# watch "df -h | grep -v -e tmpfs -e udev -e by-uuid"
 
# watch zpool iostat -v
 
# zpool iostat -v 2
 
# watch 'zpool list; echo; zfs list'
 
# watch zfs get compressratio -o all
 
# watch cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
 
  
If you have a scrub or resilvering in progress you can report on progress with:
+
# udisksctl power-off -b /dev/sdi
  
# watch zpool status -v
+
== Reporting ext4 file-systems mounted without noatime ==
  
You can poke about in internals, e.g.:
+
$ cat /proc/mounts | grep ext | grep -v noatime | sort
  
# cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
+
== Creating a partition table ==
  
  root@orac:/sys/module/zfs/parameters# tail *
+
  # parted /dev/xvdf
  
You can report on property values with e.g.:
+
mktable msdos
  
# zfs get all data
+
== Creating a partition ==
  
If you want to get funky:
+
# parted /dev/xvdf
 +
 
 +
u MiB
 +
mkpart primary 1 100%
 +
 
 +
== Creating an ext4 file-system ==
  
  # cd /tmp
+
  # mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdf1
# perf record -ag #(Ctrl+C after ~15 seconds)
 
# perf report --stdio
 
  
You can search for ZFS files like e.g. this:
+
== Listing disk drives ==
  
  root@orac:/# find / -name '*zfs*' -or -name '*zpool*'
+
  # fdisk -l
  
You can report history of a zpool:
+
(That's an L for "list")
  
# zpool history $poolname
+
== Checking available disk space ==
  
You can get a report on the dedup tables:
+
$ df -h
  
# zpool status -D $poolname
+
== Getting disk information ==
  
Or more detailed dedup table info:
+
# lsblk
  
# zdb -DDD $poolname
+
And
  
Note in the output see [https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/405700 here] for details, basically:
+
# cat /proc/partitions
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
Or the Grand Daddy of them all:
! Abbr  !! Description
 
|-
 
| LSIZE  || logical size (in memory)
 
|-
 
| PSIZE  || physical size
 
|-
 
| DSIZE  || size on disk
 
|-
 
| refcnt || reference count
 
|}
 
  
== Measure data throughput ==
+
# lshw -class disk
  
Use the 'pv' command from the 'pv' package, e.g.:
+
(Requires the lshw package.)
  
# cat /dev/sda | pv | cat > /dev/null
+
== Getting partition UUID and file-system type ==
  
Or for ZFS:
+
# blkid
  
# zfs send data/example | pv | cat > /dev/null
+
== Checking for SSD vs magnetic disk ==
  
== Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian ==
+
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational
  
For notes on using smartctl see [https://www.lisenet.com/2014/using-smartctl-smartd-and-hddtemp-on-debian/ Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian].
+
Will be 0 for SSD and 1 for magnetic.
  
== Report hard disk usage ==
+
== Monitoring a ZFS server ==
  
So you might want to know how much data a process reads or writes to a hard disk. You can monitor process total disk utilisation with the 'iotop' command. Run 'iotop' and then press 'a' for --accumulated.
+
So some commands I run to keep an eye on my new ZFS servers:
  
== Report hard disk temperatures ==
+
# top
 
+
# iotop
E.g.
+
# nethogs
 +
# watch free -h
 +
# watch slabtop -o
 +
# slabtop
 +
# watch cat /proc/meminfo
 +
# perf top
 +
# watch "df -h | grep -v -e tmpfs -e udev -e by-uuid"
 +
# watch zpool iostat -v
 +
# zpool iostat -v 2
 +
# watch 'zpool list; echo; zfs list'
 +
# watch zfs get compressratio -o all
 +
# watch cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
  
# hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]
+
If you have a scrub or resilvering in progress you can report on progress with:
  
== Burning an ISO image to USB on Mac ==
+
# watch zpool status -v
  
First insert your USB key and find the appropriate disk with:
+
You can poke about in internals, e.g.:
  
  # diskutil list
+
  # cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
  
Then unmount it with:
+
root@orac:/sys/module/zfs/parameters# tail *
  
# diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk4
+
You can report on property values with e.g.:
  
Then copy ISO image with 'dd':
+
# zfs get all data
  
# dd if=ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso of=/dev/disk4
+
If you want to get funky:
  
You can get dd to report progress by sending it the SIGINFO signal:
+
# cd /tmp
 +
# perf record -ag #(Ctrl+C after ~15 seconds)
 +
# perf report --stdio
  
# kill -s info 12345
+
You can search for ZFS files like e.g. this:
  
= Monitoring disk I/O =
+
root@orac:/# find / -name '*zfs*' -or -name '*zpool*'
  
There's an app for that! iotop.
+
You can report history of a zpool:
  
== Using iotop, top for disks ==
+
# zpool history $poolname
  
# iotop -oPa
+
You can get a report on the dedup tables:
  
== Monitor disk I/O for performance issues ==
+
# zpool status -D $poolname
  
# watch iostat
+
Or more detailed dedup table info:
  
Or e.g.
+
# zdb -DDD $poolname
  
# watch iostat -xd /dev/sd[abc]
+
Note in the output see [https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/405700 here] for details, basically:
  
Or use groupings like this command for 'tact':
+
{|class="wikitable"
 +
! Abbr  !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| LSIZE  || logical size (in memory)
 +
|-
 +
| PSIZE  || physical size
 +
|-
 +
| DSIZE  || size on disk
 +
|-
 +
| refcnt || reference count
 +
|}
  
$ iostat -g system nvme0n1 -g fast sda sdb -g data sdc sdd -d 2
+
== How to tell if zfs scrub is running ==
  
= Monitoring a system =
+
You can get the status from the "scan:" line from:
  
== Simple ZFS monitoring ==
+
$ zpool status
  
# watch iostat
+
== Measure data throughput ==
# iotop
 
# zpool iostat -v 5
 
# watch 'hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]; echo; zpool list; echo; zfs list'
 
# nethogs
 
# top
 
  
= Monitoring temperature =
+
Use the 'pv' command from the 'pv' package, e.g.:
  
See [https://askubuntu.com/a/854029 temperature without third-party apps] for:
+
# cat /dev/sda | pv | cat > /dev/null
  
$ cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp
+
Or for ZFS:
  
and:
+
# zfs send data/example | pv | cat > /dev/null
  
$ paste <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/type) <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp) | column -s $'\t' -t | sed 's/\(.\)..$/.\1°C/'
+
== Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian ==
  
== Monitoring CPU temperature ==
+
For notes on using smartctl see [https://www.lisenet.com/2014/using-smartctl-smartd-and-hddtemp-on-debian/ Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian].
  
$ watch sensors
+
== Report hard disk usage ==
  
== Monitoring HDD temperature ==
+
So you might want to know how much data a process reads or writes to a hard disk. You can monitor process total disk utilisation with the 'iotop' command. Run 'iotop' and then press 'a' for --accumulated.
  
For e.g. SATA drives sda to sdd:
+
== Report hard disk temperatures ==
  
# watch hddtemp /dev/sd[a-d]
+
E.g.
  
= ZFS =
+
# hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]
  
== How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory? ==
+
== Burning an ISO image to USB on Mac ==
  
See [https://superuser.com/q/1137416 How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory?]
+
First insert your USB key and find the appropriate disk with:
  
  $ cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
+
  # diskutil list
  
Then:
+
Then unmount it with:
  
  c is the target size of the ARC in bytes
+
  # diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk4
c_max is the maximum size of the ARC in bytes
 
size is the current size of the ARC in bytes
 
  
= File management =
+
Then copy ISO image with 'dd':
  
== Listing only directories ==
+
# dd if=ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso of=/dev/disk4
  
$ ls -l | egrep '^d'
+
You can get dd to report progress by sending it the SIGINFO signal:
  
== Listing only files ==
+
# kill -s info 12345
  
$ ls -l | egrep -v '^d'
+
== Listing all ext4 file systems ==
  
== Listing hidden files ==
+
To see a list only of the mounted ext4 file systems:
  
  $ ls -al .[!.]*
+
  # df -t ext4
  
== Creating a symbolic link ==
+
== Report hierarchical file system mount points and mount options ==
  
  $ ln -s /path/to/target link-name
+
  $ findmnt
  
== Creating a hard-link ==
+
== Report the mount point for the current working directory ==
  
  $ ln /path/to/target file-name
+
  $ findmnt "$PWD"
  
== Changing the owner of a file ==
+
= Monitoring disk I/O =
  
$ chown user:group <files>
+
There's an app for that! iotop.
  
E.g.
+
== Using iotop, top for disks ==
  
  $ chown jj5:staff README
+
  # iotop -oPa
  $ chown root:root *
+
 
 +
== Monitor disk I/O for performance issues ==
 +
 
 +
  # watch iostat
  
To apply recursively into sub-directories use -R,
+
Or e.g.
  
  $ chown -R root:root /etc/*
+
  # watch iostat -xd /dev/sd[abc]
  
== Changing file permissions ==
+
Or use groupings like this command for 'tact':
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
$ iostat -g system nvme0n1 -g fast sda sdb -g data sdc sdd -d 2
|+ Object codes
 
! User !! Group !! Other
 
|-
 
| u    || g     || o
 
|}
 
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
= Monitoring a system =
|+ Permission codes
 
! Read !! Write !! Exectue
 
|-
 
| r    || w    || x
 
|-
 
| 4    || 2    || 1
 
|}
 
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
== Simple ZFS monitoring ==
|+ Numeric codes
 
! 0
 
| None
 
|-
 
! 1
 
| Execute
 
|-
 
! 2
 
| Write
 
|-
 
! 3
 
| Write, Execute
 
|-
 
! 4
 
| Read
 
|-
 
! 5
 
| Read, Execute
 
|-
 
! 6
 
| Read, Write
 
|-
 
! 7
 
| Read, Write, Execute
 
|}
 
  
See [http://catcode.com/teachmod/numeric2.html Numeric Mode in Action].
+
# watch iostat
 +
# iotop
 +
# zpool iostat -v 5
 +
# watch 'hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]; echo; zpool list; echo; zfs list'
 +
# nethogs
 +
# top
  
$ chmod <user numeric code><group numeric code><other numeric code> <files>
+
= Monitoring temperature =
$ chmod <object codes>+|-<permission codes> <files>
 
  
E.g.
+
See [https://askubuntu.com/a/854029 temperature without third-party apps] for:
  
  $ chmod 600 my-private-file
+
  $ cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp
$ chmod go-rwx my-private-file
 
$ chmod u+rw my-private-file
 
$ chmod +x my-script
 
  
== Updating config files ==
+
and:
  
If you get given a new config file called new.conf and you want to integrate it with your old config file old.conf then:
+
$ paste <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/type) <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp) | column -s $'\t' -t | sed 's/\(.\)..$/.\1°C/'
  
$ cp old.conf updated.conf
+
== Monitoring CPU temperature ==
$ merge -A updated.conf new.conf old.conf
 
  
Then go through and edit updated.conf resolving all the merge errors, picking and choosing what to update and what to keep. When you're done copy updated.conf to old.conf so it becomes the new config file.
+
$ watch sensors
  
The merge program is a part of the RCS package. If you don't have it:
+
== Monitoring HDD temperature ==
  
$ sudo apt-get install rcs
+
For e.g. SATA drives sda to sdd:
  
== Listing open files ==
+
# watch hddtemp /dev/sd[a-d]
  
Use lsof to list open files. E.g.:
+
= ZFS =
  
# lsof
+
== How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory? ==
  
See man lsof for options.
+
See [https://superuser.com/q/1137416 How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory?]
  
== List permissions on a whole directory path ==
+
$ cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
  
E.g.:
+
Then:
  
  $ namei -om /home/jj5/workspace
+
  c is the target size of the ARC in bytes
 +
c_max is the maximum size of the ARC in bytes
 +
size is the current size of the ARC in bytes
  
Outputs:
+
== Stopping a ZFS scrub in progress ==
  
  f: /home/jj5/workspace/
+
  # zpool scrub -s $pool
  drwxr-xr-x root root /
 
  drwxr-xr-x root root home
 
  drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  jj5
 
  drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  workspace
 
  
== Counting non-blank lines in a file ==
+
e.g. for the 'data' pool:
  
E.g.:
+
# zpool scrub -s data
  
$ cat foo.c | sed '/^\s*$/d' | wc -l
+
= File management =
  
== Cloning one directory to another with rsync ==
+
== Listing files by size ==
  
E.g.:
+
Use capital S for Size:
  
rsync --acls --xattrs --stats --human-readable --recursive --del --force --times --links --hard-links --executability --numeric-ids --owner --group --perms --sparse --compress-level=0 /data/source/ hostname:/data/target/
+
$ ls -S
  
== Counting number of files in current directory and all subdirectories ==
+
== Listing only directories ==
  
  $ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^-' | wc -l
+
  $ ls -l | egrep '^d'
  
== Counting number of directories in current directory and all subdirectories ==
+
== Listing only files ==
  
  $ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^d' | wc -l
+
  $ ls -l | egrep -v '^d'
  
== Getting the status of a 'dd' process ==
+
== Listing hidden files ==
  
First figure out the 'dd' process number, with e.g. 'top' or 'ps aux | grep dd'
+
$ ls -al .[!.]*
  
Then send the dd process the SIGINFO signal, which for dd process 40947 would be:
+
== Creating a symbolic link ==
  
  # kill -s info 40947
+
  $ ln -s /path/to/target link-name
  
The dd process will report its status in the terminal its running in.
+
== Creating a hard-link ==
  
= Compression =
+
$ ln /path/to/target file-name
  
== How to use pigz with tar ==
+
== Changing the owner of a file ==
  
See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/39904353 here]:
+
$ chown user:group <files>
  
$ tar cf - paths-to-archive | pigz --best -p 8 > archive.tgz
+
E.g.
  
Note: don't use --best unless you're being stingy, running without it will be much faster.
+
$ chown jj5:staff README
 +
$ chown root:root *
  
== Best parallel compression with pigz ==
+
To apply recursively into sub-directories use -R,
  
  $ pigz --best
+
  $ chown -R root:root /etc/*
  
== Best parallel compression with xz ==
+
== Changing file permissions ==
  
$ xz -9e -T 0
+
{|class="wikitable"
 +
|+ Object codes
 +
! User !! Group !! Other
 +
|-
 +
| u    || g    || o
 +
|}
  
== Reporting compression ratios with xz ==
+
{|class="wikitable"
 
+
|+ Permission codes
e.g.
+
! Read !! Write !! Exectue
 +
|-
 +
| r    || w    || x
 +
|-
 +
| 4    || 2    || 1
 +
|}
  
root@love:/data/image/archive# xz -l *
+
{|class="wikitable"
Strms  Blocks  Compressed Uncompressed  Ratio  Check  Filename
+
|+ Numeric codes
    1      3    372.2 MiB    442.3 MiB  0.841  CRC64  1999.txz
+
! 0
    1     29  5,281.3 MiB  5,542.5 MiB  0.953  CRC64  2001.txz
+
| None
    1      11  1,364.3 MiB  2,084.3 MiB  0.655  CRC64  2002.txz
+
|-
    1      9    568.5 MiB  1,660.2 MiB  0.342  CRC64  2003.txz
+
! 1
    1    639    66.8 GiB    119.6 GiB  0.558  CRC64  2004.txz
+
| Execute
    1    313    12.7 GiB    58.6 GiB  0.217  CRC64  2005.txz
+
|-
    1    414    35.0 GiB    77.4 GiB  0.452  CRC64  2006.txz
+
! 2
    1    485    44.5 GiB    90.9 GiB  0.490  CRC64  2007.txz
+
| Write
    1  1,690    150.0 GiB    316.8 GiB  0.473  CRC64  2008.txz
+
|-
    1      3    457.9 MiB    526.0 MiB  0.871  CRC64  2009.txz
+
! 3
    1    168    27.3 GiB    31.4 GiB  0.868  CRC64  2010.txz
+
| Write, Execute
    1      4    477.1 MiB    702.8 MiB  0.679  CRC64  2011.txz
+
|-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
! 4
    12  3,768    344.6 GiB    705.5 GiB  0.488  CRC64  12 files
+
| Read
 +
|-
 +
! 5
 +
| Read, Execute
 +
|-
 +
! 6
 +
| Read, Write
 +
|-
 +
! 7
 +
| Read, Write, Execute
 +
|}
  
= Symbolic-link management =
+
See [http://catcode.com/teachmod/numeric2.html Numeric Mode in Action].
  
== Data used by sym-linked files:
+
$ chmod <user numeric code><group numeric code><other numeric code> <files>
 +
$ chmod <object codes>+|-<permission codes> <files>
  
This will de-reference the sym-links in the current directory and tell you how much data the files pointed to by the sym-links are using:
+
E.g.
  
  jj5@tact:/data/backup/unity/latest$ du -hD * | sort -h
+
  $ chmod 600 my-private-file
 +
$ chmod go-rwx my-private-file
 +
$ chmod u+rw my-private-file
 +
$ chmod +x my-script
  
= File searching =
+
== Updating config files ==
  
== Finding a file with a particular name ==
+
If you get given a new config file called new.conf and you want to integrate it with your old config file old.conf then:
  
  $ find -iname "*some-part-of-the-file-name*"
+
  $ cp old.conf updated.conf
 +
$ merge -A updated.conf new.conf old.conf
  
Will start searching from the current directory, so maybe
+
Then go through and edit updated.conf resolving all the merge errors, picking and choosing what to update and what to keep. When you're done copy updated.conf to old.conf so it becomes the new config file.
  
$ cd /
+
The merge program is a part of the RCS package. If you don't have it:
  
first. For a case-sensitive search:
+
$ sudo apt-get install rcs
  
$ find -name "*eXaCT CaSE*"
+
== Listing open files ==
  
== Finding a file with particular content ==
+
Use lsof to list open files. E.g.:
  
To search in /etc/ for a file with particular content:
+
# lsof
  
$ grep -R "search-string" /etc/*
+
See man lsof for options.
  
To search the current directory for *.cs files containing the word "Up":
+
== List permissions on a whole directory path ==
  
$ find . -name '*.cs' -exec grep --color=auto -H Up {} \;
+
E.g.:
  
== Finding a list of files with particular content ==
+
$ namei -om /home/jj5/workspace
  
E.g. to find all the files with the word 'creativity':
+
Outputs:
  
  $ grep -R creativity . | sed 's/:/ /' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq
+
  f: /home/jj5/workspace/
 +
  drwxr-xr-x root root /
 +
  drwxr-xr-x root root home
 +
  drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  jj5
 +
  drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  workspace
  
== Using the locate command to find files ==
+
== Counting non-blank lines in a file ==
  
$ locate part-of-filename
+
E.g.:
  
E.g.
+
$ cat foo.c | sed '/^\s*$/d' | wc -l
  
$ locate texvc
+
== Cloning one directory to another with rsync ==
  
== Updating locate command's database ==
+
E.g.:
  
# updatedb
+
rsync --acls --xattrs --stats --human-readable --recursive --del --force --times --links --hard-links --executability --numeric-ids --owner --group --perms --sparse --compress-level=0 /data/source/ hostname:/data/target/
  
== Select a random line from a text file ==
+
== Counting number of files in current directory and all subdirectories ==
  
  $ shuf -n 1 input.txt
+
  $ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^-' | wc -l
  
== Extra context for grep ==
+
== Counting number of directories in current directory and all subdirectories ==
  
If you need to show extra lines before or after your grep results use -B NUM to set how many lines before the match and -A NUM for the number of lines after the match:
+
$ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^d' | wc -l
  
$ grep -B 3 -A 1 ...
+
== Getting the status of a 'dd' process ==
  
= Job control =
+
First figure out the 'dd' process number, with e.g. 'top' or 'ps aux | grep dd'
  
== Stopping a running process ==
+
Then send the dd process the SIGINFO signal, which for dd process 40947 would be:
  
Press Ctrl+Z to stop a running process.
+
# kill -s info 40947
  
== Listing current jobs and their status ==
+
The dd process will report its status in the terminal its running in.
  
$ jobs
+
== Transferring a large file via FAT32 file system ==
  
== Resuming a stopped job in the backgroud ==
+
So the maximum file size supported by a FAT32 file system (commonly used on USB keys) is 4 GB per file. If you have a file larger than 4 GB you can split it into parts and then reassemble the parts once transferred:
  
To resume a stopped process in the background
+
$ split -b 4000m input.tgz input.tgz-parts-
  
$ bg %1
+
Then copy the small files and reassemble:
  
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
+
$ cat input.tgz-parts-* > output.tgz
  
== Resuming a stopped job in the foreground ==
+
== Find the difference between two directories ==
  
To resume a stopped process in the foreground
+
$ diif -qr $DIR_A $DIR_B
  
$ fg %1
+
== Merging two directories ==
  
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
+
$ cp -RT source/ destination/
  
== Killing a stopped job ==
+
Files from source will be merged into destination.
  
To kill a job
+
== Generating a replacement file ==
  
$ kill %1
+
So you generate the file into a temp file, then hard link the temp file to where you want the replacement to go, then you delete the temp file:
  
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
+
$ generate-file.sh > file.txt.tmp
 +
$ ln -f file.txt.tmp file.txt
 +
$ rm file.txt.tmp
  
== Periodically run a program and watch its output ==
+
= NFS =
  
$ watch /your/command
+
== List NFS shares ==
  
= Debian/Ubuntu package management =
+
To e.g. show NFS shares on 'love':
  
Also see [https://wiki.debian.org/WhereIsIt Where "is" it?] on the Debian Wiki.
+
$ showmount -e love
  
== configuring debconf ==
+
= Compression =
  
# dpkg-reconfigure debconf
+
== How to use pigz with tar ==
  
Set priority to low to get asked detailed questions.
+
See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/39904353 here]:
  
== Showing list of installed packages ==
+
$ tar cf - paths-to-archive | pigz --best -p 8 > archive.tgz
  
# dpkg --get-selections
+
Note: don't use --best unless you're being stingy, running without it will be much faster.
  
== Searching for installed package ==
+
Also from [https://stackoverflow.com/a/50586833 here]:
  
# dpkg --get-selections | grep package-name
+
Fast pack:
  
or
+
tar -I 'pigz --fast' -cf my.tar.gz whatver
  
# aptitude search package-name
+
Best pack:
  
== Showing which files are installed as part of a package ==
+
tar -I 'pigz --best' -cf my.tar.gz whatver
  
# dpkg -L package-name
+
Fast unpack:
  
== Installing a package ==
+
tar -I pigz -xf my.tar.gz
  
# apt-get install package-name
+
== Best compression with tar ==
  
== Uninstalling a package ==
+
From [https://superuser.com/questions/514260/how-to-obtain-maximum-compression-with-tar-gz#544643 here]:
  
  # apt-get remove package-name
+
  export GZIP=-9
 +
tar cvzf file.tar.gz /path/to/directory
  
== Showing system architecture ==
+
or
  
  $ dpkg --print-architecture
+
  env GZIP=-9 tar cvzf file.tar.gz /path/to/directory
  
== Showing which package a file belongs to ==
+
== Best parallel compression with pigz ==
  
  $ which echo
+
  $ pigz --best
/bin/echo
 
$ dpkg -S /bin/echo
 
coreutils: /bin/echo
 
$ dpkg -l | grep coreutils
 
ii  coreutils                        6.10-6                  The GNU core utilities
 
  
== Showing package information ==
+
== Best parallel compression with xz ==
  
  $ apt-cache showpkg coreutils
+
  $ xz -9e -T 0
  
Or for even more information:
+
== Reporting compression ratios with xz ==
  
$ apt-cache show coreutils
+
e.g.
  
== List all installed packages with package version info ==
+
root@love:/data/image/archive# xz -l *
 
+
Strms  Blocks  Compressed Uncompressed  Ratio  Check  Filename
  dpkg-query -l
+
    1      3    372.2 MiB    442.3 MiB  0.841 CRC64  1999.txz
 
+
    1      29  5,281.3 MiB  5,542.5 MiB  0.953  CRC64  2001.txz
== Reporting which version of a package is installed ==
+
    1      11  1,364.3 MiB  2,084.3 MiB  0.655  CRC64  2002.txz
 +
    1      9    568.5 MiB  1,660.2 MiB  0.342  CRC64  2003.txz
 +
    1    639    66.8 GiB    119.6 GiB  0.558  CRC64  2004.txz
 +
    1    313    12.7 GiB    58.6 GiB  0.217  CRC64  2005.txz
 +
    1    414    35.0 GiB    77.4 GiB  0.452  CRC64  2006.txz
 +
    1    485    44.5 GiB    90.9 GiB  0.490  CRC64  2007.txz
 +
    1  1,690    150.0 GiB    316.8 GiB  0.473  CRC64  2008.txz
 +
    1      3    457.9 MiB    526.0 MiB  0.871  CRC64  2009.txz
 +
    1    168    27.3 GiB    31.4 GiB  0.868  CRC64  2010.txz
 +
    1      4    477.1 MiB    702.8 MiB  0.679  CRC64  2011.txz
 +
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 +
    12  3,768    344.6 GiB    705.5 GiB  0.488  CRC64  12 files
  
$ dpkg -l | grep package-name
+
= Symbolic-link management =
  
E.g.:
+
== Data used by sym-linked files:
  
root@hope:~/letsencrypt# dpkg -l | grep augeas
+
This will de-reference the sym-links in the current directory and tell you how much data the files pointed to by the sym-links are using:
ii  augeas-lenses                  0.7.0-1ubuntu1                Set of lenses needed by libaugeas0 to parse
 
ii  libaugeas0                      0.7.0-1ubuntu1                The augeas configuration editing library and
 
  
== Comprehensive upgrade ==
+
jj5@tact:/data/backup/unity/latest$ du -hD * | sort -h
  
Try the following:
+
= File searching =
  
# apt-get update
+
== Finding a file with a particular name ==
# apt-get dist-upgrade
 
# apt-get autoremove
 
# apt-get remove $(deborphan)
 
# update-flashplugin-nonfree --install
 
  
== Searching all available packages ==
+
$ find -iname "*some-part-of-the-file-name*"
  
$ apt-cache search . | sort -d | less
+
Will start searching from the current directory, so maybe
  
= Networking =
+
$ cd /
  
== net-tools vs iproute2 ==
+
first. For a case-sensitive search:
  
The older 'net-tools' package has been replaced with 'iproute2' e.g. in [https://www.debian.org/releases/stretch/amd64/release-notes/ch-information.en.html#iproute2 stretch].
+
$ find -name "*eXaCT CaSE*"
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
== Finding a file with particular content ==
! legacy net-tools commands
 
! iproute2 replacement commands
 
|-
 
| arp      || ip n (ip neighbor)
 
|-
 
| ifconfig || ip a (ip addr), ip link, ip -s (ip -stats)
 
|-
 
| iptunnel || ip tunnel
 
|-
 
| iwconfig || iw
 
|-
 
| nameif  || ip link, ifrename
 
|-
 
| netstat  || ss, ip route (for netstat-r), ip -s link (for netstat -i), ip maddr (for netstat-g)
 
|-
 
| route    || ip r (ip route)
 
|}
 
  
== Restart networking ==
+
To search in /etc/ for a file with particular content:
  
For servers:
+
$ grep -R "search-string" /etc/*
  
# service networking restart
+
To search the current directory for *.cs files containing the word "Up":
  
For desktops:
+
$ find . -name '*.cs' -exec grep --color=auto -H Up {} \;
  
# service network-manager restart
+
== Finding a list of files with particular content ==
  
== Pinging with particular packet size ==
+
E.g. to find all the files with the word 'creativity':
  
  $ ping -M do -s <packet size in bytes> <host>
+
  $ grep -R creativity . | sed 's/:/ /' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq
  
E.g.
+
== Using the locate command to find files ==
  
  $ ping -M do -s 1400 charity.progclub.org
+
  $ locate part-of-filename
  
== Setting [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size MSS] for a particular IP address on a particular interface ==
+
E.g.
  
  # ip route add <host> dev <interface> advmss <packet size>
+
  $ locate texvc
  
E.g.
+
== Updating locate command's database ==
  
  # ip route add 10.0.0.1 dev eth0 advmss 1400
+
  # updatedb
  
== Dropping configured MMS for a particular IP address ==
+
== Select a random line from a text file ==
  
  # ip route flush <host>
+
  $ shuf -n 1 input.txt
  
E.g.
+
== Extra context for grep ==
  
# ip route flush 10.0.0.1
+
If you need to show extra lines before or after your grep results use -B NUM to set how many lines before the match and -A NUM for the number of lines after the match:
  
== Listing open ports and socket information ==
+
$ grep -B 3 -A 1 ...
  
Including which process is listening on which port.
+
= Job control =
  
# netstat -tulpn
+
== Stopping a running process ==
  
Or use the 'ss' command:
+
Press Ctrl+Z to stop a running process.
  
# ss -s
+
== Listing current jobs and their status ==
# ss -l
 
# ss -pl
 
# ss -o state established '( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )'
 
  
== Listing open IPv4 connections ==
+
$ jobs
  
# lsof -Pnl +M -i4
+
== Resuming a stopped job in the backgroud ==
  
You might need to install the lsof package:
+
To resume a stopped process in the background
  
  # apt-get install lsof
+
  $ bg %1
  
== Query for DNS MX record ==
+
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
  
$ nslookup
+
== Resuming a stopped job in the foreground ==
> server 127.0.0.1
 
> set q=mx
 
> mail.blackbrick.com
 
  
== Query for DNS SOA record ==
+
To resume a stopped process in the foreground
  
  $ dig @ns2.staticmagic.net -t SOA staticmagic.net
+
  $ fg %1
  
== Using nmap to list open ports on remote host ==
+
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
  
To check the 1,000 most common ports:
+
== Killing a stopped job ==
  
  # nmap server.example.com
+
To kill a job
 +
 
 +
  $ kill %1
  
Or for a specific port range (e.g. 101 to 102):
+
where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').
  
# nmap -p 101-102 server.example.com
+
== Periodically run a program and watch its output ==
  
Or for all ports (1 to 65,535):
+
$ watch /your/command
  
# nmap -p- server.example.com
+
= Debian/Ubuntu package management =
  
== Network monitoring ==
+
Also see [https://wiki.debian.org/WhereIsIt Where "is" it?] on the Debian Wiki.
  
See [http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-monitor-network/ here] for details. Basically:
+
== configuring debconf ==
  
# Overall bandwidth: nload, bmon, slurm, bwm-ng, cbm, speedometer, netload
+
# dpkg-reconfigure debconf
# Overall bandwidth (batch style output): vnstat, ifstat, dstat, collectl
 
# Bandwidth per socket connection: iftop, iptraf, tcptrack, pktstat, netwatch, trafshow
 
# Bandwidth per process: nethogs
 
  
== nload ==
+
Set priority to low to get asked detailed questions.
  
You can watch network traffic in real-time with nload:
+
== Showing list of installed packages ==
  
  # nload -u M
+
  # dpkg --get-selections
  
== Reporting network (NIC) speed ==
+
== Searching for installed package ==
  
From [https://askubuntu.com/questions/431911/how-can-i-verify-the-speed-of-my-nic-in-ubuntu#431912 here]:
+
# dpkg --get-selections | grep package-name
  
# dmesg | grep eth0
+
or
# mii-tool -v eth0
 
# ethtool eth0
 
  
Note: use ifconfig to get device name.
+
# aptitude search package-name
  
== Path MTU discovery ==
+
== Showing which files are installed as part of a package ==
  
To do a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_Discovery Path MTU Discovery], from the iputils-tracepath package:
+
# dpkg -L package-name
  
# tracepath host.example.com
+
== Installing a package ==
  
== Listing available Ethernet devices ==
+
# apt-get install package-name
  
To see a list of NICs available on the host:
+
== Uninstalling a package ==
  
  $ cat /proc/net/dev
+
  # apt-get remove package-name
  
Also
+
== Showing system architecture ==
  
  $ ip link
+
  $ dpkg --print-architecture
  
== 59 Linux Networking commands and scripts ==
+
== Showing which package a file belongs to ==
  
See [https://haydenjames.io/linux-networking-commands-scripts/ 59 Linux Networking commands and scripts].
+
$ which echo
 +
/bin/echo
 +
$ dpkg -S /bin/echo
 +
coreutils: /bin/echo
 +
$ dpkg -l | grep coreutils
 +
ii  coreutils                        6.10-6                  The GNU core utilities
  
== Links ==
+
== Showing package information ==
  
* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-open-ports/ HowTo: UNIX / Linux Open TCP / UDP Ports]
+
$ apt-cache showpkg coreutils
  
= IPTables =
+
Or for even more information:
  
== Applying firewall rules ==
+
$ apt-cache show coreutils
  
For configuration info see [http://articles.slicehost.com/2008/4/25/ubuntu-hardy-setup-page-1 this article].
+
== List all installed packages with package version info ==
  
  $ sudo vim /etc/iptables.test.rules
+
  dpkg-query -l
$ sudo /sbin/iptables -F
 
$ sudo /sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules
 
$ sudo iptables -L
 
$ sudo -s
 
# iptables-save > /etc/iptables.up.rules
 
# exit
 
  
= ufw =
+
== Reporting which version of a package is installed ==
  
== Denying hosts with ufw ==
+
$ dpkg -l | grep package-name
  
See [[Admin_reference#Denying_hosts_with_UFW|denying hosts with ufw]].
+
E.g.:
  
= Bind9 =
+
root@hope:~/letsencrypt# dpkg -l | grep augeas
 +
ii  augeas-lenses                  0.7.0-1ubuntu1                Set of lenses needed by libaugeas0 to parse
 +
ii  libaugeas0                      0.7.0-1ubuntu1                The augeas configuration editing library and
  
== Viewing Bind9 querylog ==
+
== Comprehensive upgrade ==
  
$ sudo rndc querylog
+
Try the following:
$ tail -f /var/log/syslog
 
  
= IPSec =
+
# apt-get update
 +
# apt-get dist-upgrade
 +
# apt-get autoremove
 +
# apt-get remove $(deborphan)
 +
# update-flashplugin-nonfree --install
  
== Disabling IPSec ==
+
== Searching all available packages ==
  
  # setkey -FP
+
  $ apt-cache search . | sort -d | less
  
= OpenSSL =
+
== Reporting unattended upgrades status ==
  
== Debugging IMAPS with OpenSSL ==
+
See [https://askubuntu.com/questions/934807/unattended-upgrades-status#934863 here] for more info.
  
  # openssl s_client -connect localhost:993
+
  # tail -f /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log
> a1 LOGIN username@host password
 
> a2 LOGOUT
 
  
== Debugging HTTPS with OpenSSL ==
+
== Searching for Debian packages and versions ==
  
$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
+
* [https://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=dnscrypt-proxy Debian package search]
GET /example.html HTTP/1.1
 
host: www.example.com
 
  
== Links ==
+
= Networking =
  
* [http://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO]
+
== Determining throughput between two hosts ==
  
= Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) =
+
# apt install iperf3
  
== Links ==
+
On the server:
  
* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/ch-pam.html 42.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)]
+
# iperf3 -s
  
= SSH =
+
On the client:
  
== Configuring SSH key login ==
+
# iperf3 -c $SERVER_IP
  
On the client machine generate a key-pair (if necessary, check for existing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub):
+
For more info see: [https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-test-the-network-speedthroughput-between-two-linux-servers/ How to test the network speed/throughput between two Linux servers].
  
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
+
== net-tools vs iproute2 ==
  
Copy the public key from the client to the server:
+
The older 'net-tools' package has been replaced with 'iproute2' e.g. in [https://www.debian.org/releases/stretch/amd64/release-notes/ch-information.en.html#iproute2 stretch].
  
  $ scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@example.org:
+
{|class="wikitable"
 +
! legacy net-tools commands
 +
! iproute2 replacement commands
 +
|-
 +
| arp      || ip n (ip neighbor)
 +
|-
 +
| ifconfig || ip a (ip addr), ip link, ip -s (ip -stats)
 +
|-
 +
| iptunnel || ip tunnel
 +
|-
 +
| iwconfig || iw
 +
|-
 +
| nameif  || ip link, ifrename
 +
|-
 +
| netstat || ss, ip route (for netstat-r), ip -s link (for netstat -i), ip maddr (for netstat-g)
 +
|-
 +
| route    || ip r (ip route)
 +
|}
  
Configure the authorized keys on the server:
+
== Restart networking ==
  
$ ssh user@example.org
+
For servers:
$ mkdir ~/.ssh
 
$ chmod go-w .ssh
 
$ cat ~/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
 
$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
 
$ rm ~/id_rsa.pub
 
  
== Tunneling over SSH ==
+
# service networking restart
  
For example, connecting a remote MySQL server to the localhost:
+
For desktops:
  
  $ ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 jselliot@ssh.progsoc.org
+
  # service network-manager restart
  
If the machine you want to connect to is not the localhost of the machine you're ssh'ing to,
+
== Pinging with particular packet size ==
  
  $ ssh -L 3306:muspell.progsoc.uts.edu.au:3306 ssh.progsoc.uts.edu.au
+
$ ping -M do -s <packet size in bytes> <host>
  
The -L stanza is localport:remotehost:remoteport where localport is a
+
E.g.
port on your machine, forwarded to remoteport on remotehost.
 
  
== Tunneling over SSH with PuTTY ==
+
$ ping -M do -s 1400 charity.progclub.org
  
See [http://www.anchor.com.au/hosting/support/MySQL/Connecting_to_mysql_remotely Connecting to the MySQL database remotely (via an SSH Tunnel)]
+
== Setting [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size MSS] for a particular IP address on a particular interface ==
  
* run putty.exe
+
# ip route add <host> dev <interface> advmss <packet size>
* Connection -> SSH -> Tunnels
 
** Port forwarding: source port to 3306
 
** destination: 127.0.0.1:3306
 
** check Local
 
** click Add
 
  
== Enabling verbose SSH logging ==
+
E.g.
  
To see what's going on with your ssh connections,
+
# ip route add 10.0.0.1 dev eth0 advmss 1400
  
$ ssh -v user@host
+
== Dropping configured MMS for a particular IP address ==
  
Or
+
# ip route flush <host>
  
$ ssh -vv user@host
+
E.g.
  
== Unlocking SSH key for session ==
+
# ip route flush 10.0.0.1
  
jj5@orac:~/.config/autostart$ cat ssh-add.desktop
+
== Listing open ports and socket information ==
[Desktop Entry]
 
Type=Application
 
Name=ssh-add
 
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
 
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'
 
  
== Links ==
+
Including which process is listening on which port.
  
* [http://blogs.perl.org/users/smylers/2011/08/ssh-productivity-tips.html SSH Can Do That? Productivity Tips for Working with Remote Servers]
+
# netstat -tulpn
* [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html PuTTY Download Page]
 
  
= Standard IO =
+
Or use the 'ss' command:
  
== cat EOF ==
+
# ss -s
 +
# ss -l
 +
# ss -pl
 +
# ss -o state established '( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )'
  
$ cat > output <<EOF
+
== Listing open IPv4 connections ==
> text
 
> EOF
 
  
  $ cat output
+
  # lsof -Pnl +M -i4
text
 
  
= Script =
+
You might need to install the lsof package:
  
== Creating a session log with script ==
+
# apt-get install lsof
  
$ script -t 2> timing
+
== Query for DNS MX record ==
  
The session log is in the file 'typescript' and the timing data is in 'timing'.
+
$ nslookup
 +
> server 127.0.0.1
 +
> set q=mx
 +
> mail.blackbrick.com
  
== Replaying a scripted session ==
+
== Query for DNS SOA record ==
  
  $ scriptreplay timing
+
  $ dig @ns2.staticmagic.net -t SOA staticmagic.net
  
Uses the default file 'typescript' and the 'timing' file as specified.
+
== Using nmap to list open ports on remote host ==
  
= Screen =
+
To check the 1,000 most common ports:
  
== Creating a new screen or reconnecting to a detached screen ==
+
# nmap server.example.com
  
$ screen -R
+
Or for a specific port range (e.g. 101 to 102):
  
== Detaching a screen ==
+
# nmap -p 101-102 server.example.com
  
$ screen -D
+
Or for all ports (1 to 65,535):
  
== Reconnecting to screen ==
+
# nmap -p- server.example.com
  
$ screen -D
+
== Network monitoring ==
$ screen -R
 
  
I have a script in ~/bin/reconnect like so,
+
See [http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-monitor-network/ here] for details. Basically:
  
#!/bin/bash
+
# Overall bandwidth: nload, bmon, slurm, bwm-ng, cbm, speedometer, netload
screen -D
+
# Overall bandwidth (batch style output): vnstat, ifstat, dstat, collectl
screen -R
+
# Bandwidth per socket connection: iftop, iptraf, tcptrack, pktstat, netwatch, trafshow
 +
# Bandwidth per process: nethogs
  
This will detach your last screen, and reconnect it on the current terminal.
+
== nload ==
  
== Scrolling in screen ==
+
You can watch network traffic in real-time with nload:
  
See [https://www.saltycrane.com/blog/2008/01/how-to-scroll-in-gnu-screen/ How to scroll in GNU Screen]. Basically press Ctrl+A ESC then use Page Up and Page Down. Press ESC again to exit copy mode. As usual you can use Ctrl+[ in place of ESC.
+
# nload -u M
  
= Vim =
+
== Reporting network (NIC) speed ==
  
== First, why Vim? ==
+
From [https://askubuntu.com/questions/431911/how-can-i-verify-the-speed-of-my-nic-in-ubuntu#431912 here]:
  
Read [http://www.viemu.com/a-why-vi-vim.html Why, oh WHY, do those #?@! nutheads use vi?]
+
# dmesg | grep eth0
 +
# mii-tool -v eth0
 +
# ethtool eth0
  
== Visual modes ==
+
Note: use ifconfig to get device name.
  
Use 'v' for visual mode, 'V' for visual line mode and Ctrl+V for visual block mode.
+
== Path MTU discovery ==
  
== Configuring spaces instead of tabs ==
+
To do a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_Discovery Path MTU Discovery], from the iputils-tracepath package:
  
I use two spaces instead of tabs. To configure, edit your .vimrc file:
+
# tracepath host.example.com
  
$ vim ~/.vimrc
+
== Listing available Ethernet devices ==
  
and include the following lines:
+
To see a list of NICs available on the host:
  
  set tabstop=2
+
  $ cat /proc/net/dev
set shiftwidth=2
 
set expandtab
 
  
== Configuring syntax highlighting ==
+
Also
  
See [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/turn-on-or-off-color-syntax-highlighting-in-vi-or-vim/ here].
+
$ ip link
  
Use:
+
== 59 Linux Networking commands and scripts ==
  
:syntax on
+
See [https://haydenjames.io/linux-networking-commands-scripts/ 59 Linux Networking commands and scripts].
  
to turn on syntax highlighting.
+
== Links ==
  
Use:
+
* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-open-ports/ HowTo: UNIX / Linux Open TCP / UDP Ports]
  
:syntax off
+
= IPTables =
  
to turn off syntax highlighting.
+
== Applying firewall rules ==
  
To always use syntax highlighting:
+
For configuration info see [http://articles.slicehost.com/2008/4/25/ubuntu-hardy-setup-page-1 this article].
  
  $ vim ~/.vimrc
+
  $ sudo vim /etc/iptables.test.rules
 +
$ sudo /sbin/iptables -F
 +
$ sudo /sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules
 +
$ sudo iptables -L
 +
$ sudo -s
 +
# iptables-save > /etc/iptables.up.rules
 +
# exit
  
and add:
+
== Blocking an IP address with iptables ==
  
syntax on
+
To drop IP address 1.2.3.4:
  
To get a list of supported colour schemes open vim and type:
+
# iptables -A INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROP
  
:colorscheme[space][Ctrl+D]
+
= ufw =
  
To always use a particular colorscheme edit ~/.vimrc and add (for example):
+
== Denying hosts with ufw ==
  
colorscheme desert
+
See [[Admin_reference#Denying_hosts_with_UFW|denying hosts with ufw]].
  
== Inserting a TAB character when expandtab is on ==
+
= Bind9 =
  
The problem here is that you have configured vim to insert spaces, but for a particular file (e.g. a Makefile) you need to insert a character.
+
== Viewing Bind9 querylog ==
  
Press Ctrl+V TAB to insert a literal tab character.
+
$ sudo rndc querylog
 +
$ tail -f /var/log/syslog
  
Or you can disable tab expansion altogether with:
+
= IPSec =
  
:set expandtab!
+
== Disabling IPSec ==
  
== Changing 2 space indent to 4 space indent (e.g. for python files) ==
+
# setkey -FP
  
:%s/^\s*/&&/g
+
= OpenSSL =
  
For more information [https://www.progclub.org/blog/2013/08/10/vim-reformat-a-python-file-to-have-4-space-indentations/ see here].
+
== Debugging IMAPS with OpenSSL ==
  
== Recording and replaying a macro ==
+
# openssl s_client -connect localhost:993
 +
> a1 LOGIN username@host password
 +
> a2 LOGOUT
  
To record a macro press 'q' and then a number between 1 and 9. E.g. press "q1". The macro is now recording. When you've finished issuing your commands press 'q' again to finish recording. To replay a macro press '@' followed by the number of the macro. That is, if you pressed "q1" to record the macro, press "@1" to replay the macro. To replay the last macro again press "@@".
+
== Debugging HTTPS with OpenSSL ==
  
== Deleting to end of line ==
+
$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
 +
GET /example.html HTTP/1.1
 +
host: www.example.com
  
d$
+
== Links ==
  
== Deleting to beginning of line ==
+
* [http://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ OpenSSL Command-Line HOWTO]
  
d^
+
= Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) =
  
== Finding text ==
+
== Links ==
  
To search forward for "text":
+
* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/ch-pam.html 42.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)]
  
/text
+
= SSH =
  
To search backward for "text":
+
== Configuring SSH key login ==
  
?text
+
On the client machine generate a key-pair (if necessary, check for existing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub):
  
To repeat the last search in a forward direction press 'n', or to search again backwards press 'N'.
+
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
  
== Finding and replacing text ==
+
Copy the public key from the client to the server:
  
To replace the first instance of "search" on the current line with "destroy":
+
$ scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@example.org:
  
:s/search/destroy/
+
Configure the authorized keys on the server:
  
To replace all instances of "search" on the current line with "destroy":
+
$ ssh user@example.org
 +
$ mkdir ~/.ssh
 +
$ chmod go-w .ssh
 +
$ cat ~/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
 +
$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
 +
$ rm ~/id_rsa.pub
  
:s/search/destroy/g
+
== Tunneling over SSH ==
  
To replace all instances of "search" on lines 13 to 37 with "destroy":
+
For example, connecting a remote MySQL server to the localhost:
  
  :13,37 s/search/destroy/g
+
  $ ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 jselliot@ssh.progsoc.org
  
To replace all instances of "search" in the entire file with "destroy":
+
If the machine you want to connect to is not the localhost of the machine you're ssh'ing to,
  
:%s/search/destroy/g
+
  $ ssh -L 3306:muspell.progsoc.uts.edu.au:3306 ssh.progsoc.uts.edu.au
  
== Changing DOS/Windows line-endings (CRLF) to Unix line-endings ==
+
The -L stanza is localport:remotehost:remoteport where localport is a
 +
port on your machine, forwarded to remoteport on remotehost.
  
To set the line-ending to Unix line endings run the command:
+
== Tunneling over SSH with PuTTY ==
  
:setlocal ff=unix
+
See [http://www.anchor.com.au/hosting/support/MySQL/Connecting_to_mysql_remotely Connecting to the MySQL database remotely (via an SSH Tunnel)]
  
More information on managing file formats [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/File_format available here].
+
* run putty.exe
 +
* Connection -> SSH -> Tunnels
 +
** Port forwarding: source port to 3306
 +
** destination: 127.0.0.1:3306
 +
** check Local
 +
** click Add
  
== Disabling auto-indent etc. to paste from clipboard ==
+
== Enabling verbose SSH logging ==
  
To disable smart indenting when you're going to paste in text:
+
To see what's going on with your ssh connections,
  
  :set paste
+
  $ ssh -v user@host
  
To turn it off again:
+
Or
  
  :set nopaste
+
  $ ssh -vv user@host
  
There's more info in this article: [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Toggle_auto-indenting_for_code_paste Toggle auto-indenting for code paste]
+
== Unlocking SSH key for session ==
  
== Positioning windows ==
+
jj5@orac:~/.config/autostart$ cat ssh-add.desktop
 +
[Desktop Entry]
 +
Type=Application
 +
Name=ssh-add
 +
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
 +
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'
  
Use -o for horizontal split, e.g.:
+
== Links ==
  
vim -o a.txt b.txt
+
* [http://blogs.perl.org/users/smylers/2011/08/ssh-productivity-tips.html SSH Can Do That? Productivity Tips for Working with Remote Servers]
 +
* [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html PuTTY Download Page]
  
Use -O for vertical split, e.g.:
+
= Standard IO =
  
vim -o a.txt b.txt
+
== cat EOF ==
  
Use ^W to navigate windows then use directional keys h, j, k, l, etc.
+
$ cat > output <<EOF
 +
> text
 +
> EOF
  
Use ^W and &lt; or &gt; to resize windows.
+
$ cat output
 +
text
  
== To indent a block of text in Vim ==
+
= Script =
  
Use the > command. E.g. to indent five lines:
+
== Creating a session log with script ==
  
  5 > >
+
  $ script -t 2> timing
  
Press . (dot) to keep indenting.
+
The session log is in the file 'typescript' and the timing data is in 'timing'.
  
Or inside a block (e.g. curly brace, HTML/XML element, etc.) you can put your cursor in the element on on the curly brace and then:
+
== Replaying a scripted session ==
  
  > %
+
  $ scriptreplay timing
  
See [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/235839/indent-multiple-lines-quickly-in-vi#235841 here] for more.
+
Uses the default file 'typescript' and the 'timing' file as specified.
  
== Open a file in a new window/tab ==
+
= Screen =
  
To open a file on the left hand side:
+
== Creating a new screen or reconnecting to a detached screen ==
  
  :vert new filename.ext
+
  $ screen -R
  
Note: ':vnew filename.ext' and ':vsp filename.ext' also work.
+
== Detaching a screen ==
  
To open a file at the top:
+
$ screen -D
  
:new filename.ext
+
== Reconnecting to screen ==
  
See [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10760310/how-to-open-a-new-file-in-vim-in-a-new-window#10762678 here] for more.
+
$ screen -D
 +
$ screen -R
  
== Explore files in Vim ==
+
I have a script in ~/bin/reconnect like so,
  
Enter:
+
#!/bin/bash
 +
screen -D
 +
screen -R
  
:Explore
+
This will detach your last screen, and reconnect it on the current terminal.
  
== Switch between Vim tabs ==
+
== Scrolling in screen ==
  
Use gt and gT.
+
See [https://www.saltycrane.com/blog/2008/01/how-to-scroll-in-gnu-screen/ How to scroll in GNU Screen]. Basically press Ctrl+A ESC then use Page Up and Page Down. Press ESC again to exit copy mode. As usual you can use Ctrl+[ in place of ESC.
  
== Switch between Vim windows ==
+
= tmux =
  
To toggle between open windows use:
+
== Live collaboration with tmux ==
  
Ctrl+W W
+
User A:
  
To move in a direction use:
+
tmux -S /tmp/collab
 +
chmod 777 /tmp/collab
  
Ctrl+W h/j/k/l
+
User B:
  
See [http://superuser.com/questions/280500/how-does-one-switch-between-windows-on-vim#280501 here] for more.
+
tmux -S /tmp/collab attach
  
== Insert block comment in Vim ==
+
= Vim =
  
See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/253391/868138 here] for line-commenting.
+
== First, why Vim? ==
  
So it's:
+
Read [http://www.viemu.com/a-why-vi-vim.html Why, oh WHY, do those #?@! nutheads use vi?]
  
# Ctrl+V (Note: not Shift+V!)
+
== Visual modes ==
# Up/Down to select rows
 
# Shift+I
 
# Enter your text, e.g. '#' or '//'
 
# Ctrl+[ (or 'Esc')
 
  
== Navigate to matching tag ==
+
Use 'v' for visual mode, 'V' for visual line mode and Ctrl+V for visual block mode.
  
To navigate to the matching beginning or end tag use '%'.
+
== Configuring spaces instead of tabs ==
  
You can also use e.g. '[{' to match the previous '{', or e.g. '])' to match the next ')'.
+
I use two spaces instead of tabs. To configure, edit your .vimrc file:
  
== Auto-format HTML tags ==
+
$ vim ~/.vimrc
  
Stolen from [https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-auto-format-HTML-in-Vim here].
+
and include the following lines:
  
# first join all the lines - ggVGgJ
+
set tabstop=2
# Now break tags to new lines - :%s/>\s*</>\r</g
+
set shiftwidth=2
# Now set filetype - :set ft=html (you can do this before too)
+
set expandtab
# Now Indent - ggVG=
 
  
== Links ==
+
== Configuring syntax highlighting ==
  
* [http://www.vim.org/ Vim: the editor]
+
See [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/turn-on-or-off-color-syntax-highlighting-in-vi-or-vim/ here].
* [http://yannesposito.com/Scratch/en/blog/Learn-Vim-Progressively/ Learn Vim Progressively]
 
* [http://michael.peopleofhonoronly.com/vim/ Vim cheat sheet for programmers]
 
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4781070/how-to-insert-tab-character-when-expandtab-option-is-on-in-vim How to insert Tab character when expandtab option is ON in VIM]
 
* [https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/8255-vim-tips-the-basics-of-search-and-replace Vim tips: the basics of search and replace]
 
* [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/File_format File format]
 
* [http://www.viemu.com/a_vi_vim_graphical_cheat_sheet_tutorial.html Graphical vi-vim Cheat Sheet and Tutorial]
 
* [http://www.angelwatt.com/coding/notes/vim-commands.html Vim Commands Cheat Sheet]
 
  
= Write =
+
Use:
  
== Talking to other users on the system ==
+
:syntax on
  
'''write''' is a unix command for talking to other users on the system. To use '''write''':
+
to turn on syntax highlighting.
  
1. SSH to <username>@<hostname> and login with your username and password.
+
Use:
  
2. Issue the following command to find out who is logged onto the system:
+
:syntax off
  
$ who
+
to turn off syntax highlighting.
  
3. Issue the following command to talk to a specific user:
+
To always use syntax highlighting:
  
  $ write <username>
+
  $ vim ~/.vimrc
  
4. Enter the message you'd like to send the user, followed by Ctrl+C to send. Press Ctrl+D to cancel.
+
and add:
  
= Date =
+
syntax on
  
== Reporting the time on the server ==
+
To get a list of supported colour schemes open vim and type:
  
  $ date
+
  :colorscheme[space][Ctrl+D]
  
== Reporting UTC time ==
+
To always use a particular colorscheme edit ~/.vimrc and add (for example):
  
  $ date --utc
+
  colorscheme desert
  
== Getting the date in yyyy-MM-dd-hhmmss format ==
+
== Inserting a TAB character when expandtab is on ==
  
$ date="`date +%F-%H%M%S`"
+
The problem here is that you have configured vim to insert spaces, but for a particular file (e.g. a Makefile) you need to insert a character.
  
== Getting the year in four digits ==
+
Press Ctrl+V TAB to insert a literal tab character.
  
$ year="`date +%Y`"
+
Or you can disable tab expansion altogether with:
  
== Getting the month in two digits ==
+
:set expandtab!
  
$ month="`date +%m`"
+
== Changing 2 space indent to 4 space indent (e.g. for python files) ==
  
== Getting the day of the month in two digits ==
+
:%s/^\s*/&&/g
  
$ day="`date +%d`"
+
For more information [https://www.progclub.org/blog/2013/08/10/vim-reformat-a-python-file-to-have-4-space-indentations/ see here].
  
== Getting yesterday's date ==
+
== Recording and replaying a macro ==
  
$ date --date='1 day ago' +%Y-%m-%d
+
To record a macro press 'q' and then a number between 1 and 9. E.g. press "q1". The macro is now recording. When you've finished issuing your commands press 'q' again to finish recording. To replay a macro press '@' followed by the number of the macro. That is, if you pressed "q1" to record the macro, press "@1" to replay the macro. To replay the last macro again press "@@".
  
== Converting Unix time (seconds since epoch) ==
+
== Deleting to end of line ==
  
For timestamp '1501370200':
+
d$
  
$ date -d @1501370200 +%F-%H%M%S
+
== Deleting to beginning of line ==
  
== Running timedatectl from systemd ==
+
d^
  
There's a new command bundled with systmed:
+
== Finding text ==
  
# timedatectl
+
To search forward for "text":
  
It reports on (and controls) how the system time is configured.
+
/text
  
= MySQL =
+
To search backward for "text":
  
== Run mysql without authentication/authorisation ==
+
?text
  
# service mysql stop
+
To repeat the last search in a forward direction press 'n', or to search again backwards press 'N'.
# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
 
  
Then you can connect without a password, e.g.:
+
== Finding and replacing text ==
  
# mysql -u root mysql
+
To replace the first instance of "search" on the current line with "destroy":
  
To stop the unauthenticated service:
+
:s/search/destroy/
  
# mysqladmin shutdown
+
To replace all instances of "search" on the current line with "destroy":
  
Then restart a normal service:
+
:s/search/destroy/g
  
# service mysql start
+
To replace all instances of "search" on lines 13 to 37 with "destroy":
  
== Logging all database queries ==
+
:13,37 s/search/destroy/g
  
# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
+
To replace all instances of "search" in the entire file with "destroy":
  
In the [mysqld] section add:
+
:%s/search/destroy/g
  
log=/tmp/mysql.log
+
== Changing DOS/Windows line-endings (CRLF) to Unix line-endings ==
  
Then:
+
To set the line-ending to Unix line endings run the command:
  
  # service mysql restart
+
  :setlocal ff=unix
  
Watch the log with:
+
More information on managing file formats [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/File_format available here].
  
# tail -f /tmp/mysql.log
+
== Disabling auto-indent etc. to paste from clipboard ==
  
== Dumping a MySQL database ==
+
To disable smart indenting when you're going to paste in text:
  
You can dump the database into a file using:  
+
:set paste
 
$ mysqldump -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename > filename
 
  
== Loading a MySQL database from a dump file ==
+
To turn it off again:
  
You can create a database using:
+
:set nopaste
  
$ echo create database databasename | mysql -h hostname -u user -p
+
There's more info in this article: [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Toggle_auto-indenting_for_code_paste Toggle auto-indenting for code paste]
  
You can restore a database using:
+
== Positioning windows ==
 
$ mysql -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename < filename
 
  
== Creating a MySQL user ==
+
Use -o for horizontal split, e.g.:
  
  # mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
+
  vim -o a.txt b.txt
mysql> create user 'username'@'localhost' identified by '<password>';
 
  
== Granting all MySQL user permissions ==
+
Use -O for vertical split, e.g.:
  
  # mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
+
  vim -o a.txt b.txt
mysql> grant all privileges on dbname.* to user@host;
 
  
== Select domain name from email address ==
+
Use ^W to navigate windows then use directional keys h, j, k, l, etc.
  
SELECT SUBSTR( email, INSTR( email, '@' ) + 1 )
+
Use ^W and &lt; or &gt; to resize windows.
  
== Check if MySQL connection is encrypted with TLS/SSL ==
+
== To indent a block of text in Vim ==
  
Check the SSL version in use:
+
Use the > command. E.g. to indent five lines:
  
  show status like 'Ssl_version';
+
  5 > >
  
Or check the cipher in use:
+
Press . (dot) to keep indenting.
  
show status like 'Ssl_cipher';
+
Or inside a block (e.g. curly brace, HTML/XML element, etc.) you can put your cursor in the element on on the curly brace and then:
  
= Apache =
+
> %
  
== Reporting loaded Apache modules ==
+
See [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/235839/indent-multiple-lines-quickly-in-vi#235841 here] for more.
  
# apache2ctl -M
+
== Open a file in a new window/tab ==
  
== Maintaining .htaccess passwords ==
+
To open a file on the left hand side:
  
To add or modify the password for a user:
+
:vert new filename.ext
  
$ htpasswd /etc/apache2/passwd username
+
Note: ':vnew filename.ext' and ':vsp filename.ext' also work.
  
== Configuring PHP session timeout in .htaccess ==
+
To open a file at the top:
  
For a session timeout of 9 hours:
+
:new filename.ext
  
php_value session.cookie_lifetime 32400
+
See [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10760310/how-to-open-a-new-file-in-vim-in-a-new-window#10762678 here] for more.
php_value session.gc_maxlifetime 32400
 
  
== Disabling PHP magic quotes in .htaccess ==
+
== Explore files in Vim ==
  
php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off
+
Enter:
  
== Requiring HTTP Auth in .htaccess ==
+
:Explore
  
AuthType Basic
+
== Switch between Vim tabs ==
AuthName "Speak Friend And Enter"
 
AuthUserFile /home/jj5/.htpasswd
 
Require valid-user
 
  
== Restarting Apache ==
+
Use gt and gT.
  
The hard way
+
== Switch between Vim windows ==
  
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
+
To toggle between open windows use:
  
The graceful way (avoids dropping active connections)
+
Ctrl+W W
  
$ sudo apache2ctl graceful
+
To move in a direction use:
  
== Allowing directory browsing ==
+
Ctrl+W h/j/k/l
  
To show directory index pages, in the apache config file:
+
See [http://superuser.com/questions/280500/how-does-one-switch-between-windows-on-vim#280501 here] for more.
  
<Directory /var/www/data>
+
== Insert block comment in Vim ==
  Options Indexes
 
</Directory>
 
  
= C =
+
See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/253391/868138 here] for line-commenting.
  
== Locating memset function ==
+
So it's:
  
The memset function is in &lt;string.h> as described in this article [http://www.java-samples.com/showtutorial.php?tutorialid=591 Using memset(), memcpy(), and memmove() in C]
+
# Ctrl+V (Note: not Shift+V!)
 +
# Up/Down to select rows
 +
# Shift+I
 +
# Enter your text, e.g. '#' or '//'
 +
# Ctrl+[ (or 'Esc')
  
== Links ==
+
== Navigate to matching tag ==
  
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-memory/ Inside memory management]
+
To navigate to the matching beginning or end tag use '%'.
  
= PHP =
+
You can also use e.g. '[{' to match the previous '{', or e.g. '])' to match the next ')'.
  
== Including a file relative to the including file ==
+
== Auto-format HTML tags ==
  
require_once( dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/relative/path/to.php' );
+
Stolen from [https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-auto-format-HTML-in-Vim here].
  
== Enabling error reporting ==
+
# first join all the lines - ggVGgJ
 +
# Now break tags to new lines - :%s/>\s*</>\r</g
 +
# Now set filetype - :set ft=html (you can do this before too)
 +
# Now Indent - ggVG=
  
error_reporting( E_ALL | E_STRICT );
+
== Links ==
ini_set( 'display_errors', 'On' );
 
  
== Setting an error handler ==
+
* [http://www.vim.org/ Vim: the editor]
 +
* [http://yannesposito.com/Scratch/en/blog/Learn-Vim-Progressively/ Learn Vim Progressively]
 +
* [http://michael.peopleofhonoronly.com/vim/ Vim cheat sheet for programmers]
 +
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4781070/how-to-insert-tab-character-when-expandtab-option-is-on-in-vim How to insert Tab character when expandtab option is ON in VIM]
 +
* [https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/8255-vim-tips-the-basics-of-search-and-replace Vim tips: the basics of search and replace]
 +
* [http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/File_format File format]
 +
* [http://www.viemu.com/a_vi_vim_graphical_cheat_sheet_tutorial.html Graphical vi-vim Cheat Sheet and Tutorial]
 +
* [http://www.angelwatt.com/coding/notes/vim-commands.html Vim Commands Cheat Sheet]
  
set_error_handler( "error_handler", E_ALL | E_STRICT );
+
== Create PDF from text using Vim ==
  
function error_handler( $error_code, $error_message, $error_file, $error_line, $error_context ) {
+
Generate PDF from input.txt with:
  // ...
 
}
 
  
== Disable HTML content in var_dump ==
+
$ vim input.txt -c "hardcopy > doc.ps | q" && ps2pdf doc.ps
  
ini_set( 'html_errors', 'off' );
+
Examine output with:
  
== Report PHP modules ==
+
$ okular doc.pdf
  
$ php -m
+
= Write =
  
== PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins ==
+
== Talking to other users on the system ==
  
See [https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/php-security-best-practices-tutorial.html Linux 25 PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins].
+
'''write''' is a unix command for talking to other users on the system. To use '''write''':
  
= BASH scripting =
+
1. SSH to <username>@<hostname> and login with your username and password.
  
For a primer on bash scripting see [http://www.progsoc.org/tfm/tfm03/node37.html TFM: Erotic Fantasy: /bin/sh Programming].
+
2. Issue the following command to find out who is logged onto the system:
  
== Telling a script to run in bash ==
+
$ who
  
The first line of the file should be:
+
3. Issue the following command to talk to a specific user:
  
  #!/bin/bash
+
  $ write <username>
  
== Checking if a command-line argument was passed in ==
+
4. Enter the message you'd like to send the user, followed by Ctrl+C to send. Press Ctrl+D to cancel.
  
if [ -n "$1" ]; then
+
= Date =
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
 
  exit 1;
 
fi
 
  
== Checking if a command-line argument was not passed in ==
+
== Reporting the time on the server ==
  
  if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
+
  $ date
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
 
  exit 1;
 
fi
 
  
Or:
+
== Reporting UTC time ==
  
  if [ -z "$1" ]; then
+
  $ date --utc
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
 
  exit 1;
 
fi
 
  
== Checking command exit status ==
+
== Getting the date in yyyy-MM-dd-hhmmss format ==
  
  cd /my/path
+
  $ date="`date +%F-%H%M%S`"
if [ "$?" -ne "0" ]; then
 
  echo "Cannot change dir.";
 
  exit 1;
 
fi
 
  
== Checking if a file does/doesn't exist ==
+
== Getting the year in four digits ==
  
Check if file exists:
+
$ year="`date +%Y`"
  
if [ -f "/my/file" ]; then
+
== Getting the month in two digits ==
  cat /my/file
 
fi
 
  
Check if file doesn't exist:
+
$ month="`date +%m`"
  
if [ ! -f "/my/file" ]; then
+
== Getting the day of the month in two digits ==
  touch /my/file
 
fi
 
  
== Checking if a directory does/doesn't exist ==
+
$ day="`date +%d`"
  
Check if directory exists:
+
== Getting yesterday's date ==
  
  if [ -d "/my/dir" ]; then
+
  $ date --date='1 day ago' +%Y-%m-%d
  rmdir /my/dir
 
fi
 
  
Check if directory doesn't exist:
+
== Converting Unix time (seconds since epoch) ==
  
if [ ! -d "/my/dir" ]; then
+
For timestamp '1501370200':
  mkdir /my/dir
 
fi
 
  
== Deleting old backups ==
+
$ date -d @1501370200 +%F-%H%M%S
  
To keep only the latest five backups:
+
== Running timedatectl from systemd ==
  
find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf '%T@ %p\0' | sort -r -z -n | awk 'BEGIN { RS="\0"; ORS="\0"; FS="" } NR > 5 { sub("^[0-9]*(.[0-9]*)? ", ""); print }' | xargs -0 rm -f
+
There's a new command bundled with systmed:
  
This script stolen from [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25785/delete-all-but-the-most-recent-x-files-in-bash stackoverflow].
+
# timedatectl
  
Requires GNU find for -printf, GNU sort for -z, GNU awk for "\0" and GNU xargs for -0, but handles files with embedded newlines or spaces.
+
It reports on (and controls) how the system time is configured.
  
== Changing into the script's directory ==
+
= MySQL (and MariaDB) =
  
cd "`dirname $0`"
+
== Run mysql without authentication/authorisation ==
  
== Getting the absolute path of a relative path ==
+
# service mysql stop
 +
# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
  
readlink -f ./some/path
+
Then you can connect without a password, e.g.:
  
== Creating a temp directory ==
+
# mysql -u root mysql
  
dir=`mktemp -d` && cd $dir
+
To stop the unauthenticated service:
  
== Reading secret input from stdin ==
+
# mysqladmin shutdown
  
You can read a secret, such as a password, like this:
+
Then restart a normal service:
  
  echo -n "Enter passphrase: "
+
  # service mysql start
stty -echo
 
read passphrase;
 
stty echo
 
echo ""
 
  
After running the above the secret will be in the $passphrase environment variable.
+
== Logging all database queries ==
  
== String replacements in bash ==
+
# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  
See the [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html string manipulation] doco. Basically, to replace first occurrence:
+
In the [mysqld] section add:
 +
 
 +
log=/tmp/mysql.log
  
result=${var/find/replace}
+
Then:
  
To replace all occurrences:
+
# service mysql restart
  
result=${var//find/replace}
+
Watch the log with:
  
A practical example, get an ISO date and turn it into a path:
+
# tail -f /tmp/mysql.log
  
date="$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"
+
Or:
work_dir=${date//-//}
 
  
== Sending a HEREDOC to a file ==
+
SET GLOBAL log_output = 'FILE';
 +
SET GLOBAL general_log_file = 'my_logs.txt';
 +
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'ON';
  
cat << EOF > /tmp/yourfilehere
+
my_logs.txt will be in /var/lib/mysql
These contents will be written to the file.
 
        This line is indented.
 
EOF
 
  
== Bash case/switch statement ==
+
== Dumping a MySQL database ==
  
See [http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_07_03.html using case statements], e.g.:
+
You can dump the database into a file using:  
 +
 +
$ mysqldump -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename > filename
  
case $space in
+
== Loading a MySQL database from a dump file ==
[1-6]*)
 
  Message="All is quiet."
 
  ;;
 
[7-8]*)
 
  Message="Start thinking about cleaning out some stuff.  There's a partition that is $space % full."
 
  ;;
 
9[1-8])
 
  Message="Better hurry with that new disk...  One partition is $space % full."
 
  ;;
 
99)
 
  Message="I'm drowning here!  There's a partition at $space %!"
 
  ;;
 
*)
 
  Message="I seem to be running with an nonexistent amount of disk space..."
 
  ;;
 
esac
 
  
== Using dotglob shopt to match dot-files ==
+
You can create a database using:
  
To enable dot-file matching in globs, set the dotglob shell option:
+
$ echo create database databasename | mysql -h hostname -u user -p
  
  $ shopt -s dotglob
+
You can restore a database using:
 +
 +
  $ mysql -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename < filename
  
== Stopping a script from running if it previously exited due to error ==
+
== Creating a MySQL user ==
  
  persistentDataDir=/var/lib/something
+
  # mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
alarm() {
+
  mysql> create user 'username'@'localhost' identified by '<password>';
  touch $persistentDataDir/alarm
 
}
 
trap alarm ERR
 
  [ -f $persistentDataDir/alarm ] && exit 1
 
  
== Make sure only one instance of a script is running at a time ==
+
== Granting all MySQL user permissions ==
  
  ephemeralDataDir=/var/run/something
+
  # mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
  unlock() {
+
  mysql> grant all privileges on dbname.* to user@host;
  rmdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock
 
}
 
mkdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock || exit 1;
 
trap unlock EXIT
 
  
== BASH programming advice ==
+
== Select domain name from email address ==
  
See [https://blog.yossarian.net/2020/01/23/Anybody-can-write-good-bash-with-a-little-effort Anybody can write good bash (with a little effort)].
+
SELECT SUBSTR( email, INSTR( email, '@' ) + 1 )
  
== Run a command using arguments that come from an array ==
+
== Check if MySQL connection is encrypted with TLS/SSL ==
  
See [https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/412647/356289 here]:
+
Check the SSL version in use:
  
  #!/bin/bash
+
  show status like 'Ssl_version';
tabs=("first tab" "second tab")
 
args=()
 
for t in "${tabs[@]}" ; do
 
  args+=(-t "$t")
 
done
 
app "${args[@]}"
 
  
= Sed =
+
Or check the cipher in use:
  
== Find and replace with sed ==
+
show status like 'Ssl_cipher';
  
To update the current file use '-i'. E.g.:
+
== Report on server config ==
  
sed -i 's/search-text/replace-text/' file
+
See [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/show.html SHOW Statements] for the full list, but check out:
  
= Awk =
+
SHOW VARIABLES
  
== Listing IP addresses in an Apache web log ==
+
and
  
  awk '/GET \/path\/for\/url/ { print $1 }' /var/log/apache2/access.log | sort | uniq
+
  SHOW STATUS
  
== Printing space-separated field ==
+
and
  
  echo 'no no yes no' | awk '{print $3}'
+
  SHOW PROCESSLIST
  
== Printing delimited field ==
+
== Monitor MySQL activity ==
  
  echo 'no:no:yes:no' | awk -F ':' '{print $3}'
+
  $ watch "mysql -t -e 'show processlist'"
  
= Subversion =
+
= Apache =
  
== Setting svn:externals from the command-line ==
+
== Reporting loaded Apache modules ==
  
See [http://beerpla.net/2009/06/20/how-to-properly-set-svn-svnexternals-property-in-svn-command-line/ here].
+
# apache2ctl -M
  
To set an svn:externals from the command-line:
+
== Maintaining .htaccess passwords ==
  
svn propset svn:externals 'rdfind-php https://www.progclub.org/svn/pcrepo/rdfind.php/branches/0.1' .
+
To add or modify the password for a user:
svn ci -m 'Adding svn:externals for rdfind-php...'
 
svn up
 
  
Or to use a file:
+
$ htpasswd /etc/apache2/passwd username
  
svn propset svn:externals -F svn.externals .
+
== Configuring PHP session timeout in .htaccess ==
  
== Setting svn:ignore from the command line ==
+
For a session timeout of 9 hours:
  
See [http://tedone.typepad.com/blog/2010/03/setting-svnignore-from-the-command-line.html here].
+
php_value session.cookie_lifetime 32400
 +
php_value session.gc_maxlifetime 32400
  
$ svn propset svn:ignore [file|folder] [path]
+
== Disabling PHP magic quotes in .htaccess ==
  
Or use a file and apply recursively:
+
php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off
  
$ svn propset svn:ignore -RF ./svn-ignore-list.txt .
+
== Requiring HTTP Auth in .htaccess ==
  
= Git =
+
AuthType Basic
 +
AuthName "Speak Friend And Enter"
 +
AuthUserFile /home/jj5/.htpasswd
 +
Require valid-user
  
== Showing status of working copy ==
+
== Restarting Apache ==
  
git status
+
The hard way
  
== Showing repo history ==
+
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  
git log
+
The graceful way (avoids dropping active connections)
  
== Showing remote repositories (including 'origin') ==
+
$ sudo apache2ctl graceful
  
git remote -v
+
== Allowing directory browsing ==
  
== Handy git aliases ==
+
To show directory index pages, in the apache config file:
  
Save these to your ~/.gitconfig file.
+
<Directory /var/www/data>
 +
  Options Indexes
 +
</Directory>
  
For a nicer view of history than standard 'git log' -- colourful, one-line-per commit, etc:
+
= C =
  
  graph = !git log --all --graph --color --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline
+
== Locating memset function ==
  
To show only the files that have changed, rather than the full line-by-line content:
+
The memset function is in &lt;string.h> as described in this article [http://www.java-samples.com/showtutorial.php?tutorialid=591 Using memset(), memcpy(), and memmove() in C]
  
  dif  = !git diff --name-status
+
== Links ==
  
== Show git remote URL ==
+
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-memory/ Inside memory management]
 +
 
 +
= PHP =
  
git config --get remote.origin.url
+
== Including a file relative to the including file ==
  
= IRC =
+
require_once( dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/relative/path/to.php' );
  
== Instructing ChanServ to op an admin ==
+
== Enabling error reporting ==
  
  /msg ChanServ op #channel user
+
  error_reporting( E_ALL | E_STRICT );
 +
ini_set( 'display_errors', 'On' );
  
E.g.
+
== Setting an error handler ==
  
  /msg ChanServ op #gnurc jj5
+
  set_error_handler( "error_handler", E_ALL | E_STRICT );
  
Sub 'op' for 'deop' to remove op privilege.
+
function error_handler( $error_code, $error_message, $error_file, $error_line, $error_context ) {
 +
  // ...
 +
}
  
= C++ =
+
== Disable HTML content in var_dump ==
  
== C++ books ==
+
ini_set( 'html_errors', 'off' );
  
=== Books I want ===
+
== Report PHP modules ==
  
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1785283073 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming 2ed]
+
$ php -m
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1783986549 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming Cookbook]
 
  
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020170353X Accelerated C++] by Andrew Koening
+
== PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins ==
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321334876 Effective C++] by Scott Meyers
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1491903996 Effective Modern C++] by Scott Meyers
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020163371X More Effective C++] by Scott Meyers
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201749629 Effective STL] by Scott Meyers
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201615622 Exceptional C++] by Herb Sutter
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020170434X More Exceptional C++] by Herb Sutter
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201760428 Exceptional C++ Style] by Herb Sutter
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321227255 C++ Template Metaprogramming] by David Abrahams
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/059652269X 97 Things Every Software Architect Should Know] by Richard Monson-Haefel
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/9491028022 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume II - Advanced Libraries] by Robert Demming
 
  
=== Books I own ===
+
See [https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/php-security-best-practices-tutorial.html Linux 25 PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins].
  
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321563840 The C++ Programming Language 4ed] by Bjarne Stroustrup
+
= BASH scripting =
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/9491028022 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume II - Advanced Libraries]
 
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1849514887 Boost C++ Application Development Cookbook]
 
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1782163263 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming]
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321113586 C++ Coding Standards] by Herb Sutter &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201704315 Modern C++ Design] by Andrei Alexandrescu &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0596809484 97 Things Every Programmer Should Know] by Kevlin Henney &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321133544 Beyond the C++ Standard Library] by Björn Karlsson &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/9491028014 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume I - Foundations] by Robert Demming &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0123850037 API Design for C++] by Martin Reddy &#x2713;
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CB23URA Advanced C++ Metaprogramming] by Davide Di Gennaro &#x2713;
 
** Note: the next version of this book is: [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1484210115 Advanced Metaprogramming in Classic C++]
 
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1933988770 C++ Concurrency in Action: Practical Multithreading] by Anthony Williams &#x2713;
 
  
=== Books I'm not reading ===
+
For a primer on bash scripting see [http://www.progsoc.org/tfm/tfm03/node37.html TFM: Erotic Fantasy: /bin/sh Programming].
  
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321563840 The C++ Programming Language 3ed] by Bjarne Stroustrup &#x2713;
+
== Telling a script to run in bash ==
** Note: 3ed is obsolete. Buy 4ed (above).
 
  
=== Books I've read ===
+
The first line of the file should be:
  
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0596004966 C++ Pocket Reference] by Kyle Loudon &#x2713;
+
#!/bin/bash
  
== C++ blogs/articles ==
+
== Checking if a command-line argument was passed in ==
  
* [http://blogs.msdn.com/b/hsutter/ Herb Sutter's MSDN blog]
+
if [ -n "$1" ]; then
* [http://herbsutter.com/ Herb Sutter's personal blog]
+
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
* [http://herbsutter.com/gotw/ Herb Sutter's Guru of the Week (GotW)] updated from [http://gotw.ca/gotw/ gotw.ca]
+
  exit 1;
 +
fi
  
== C++ performance tips ==
+
== Checking if a command-line argument was not passed in ==
  
* ++c can be faster than c++.
+
if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
* use const for everything that you possibly can.
+
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
* use 'inline' when you need to define a function in a header. Typically only do that if it's small and the increase in code size from inlining is worth the cost to avoid the cost of a function call. For anything except trivially small functions you'll probably need to profile to know if it's worth it.
+
  exit 1;
* don't use registers.
+
fi
* const [http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/081.htm rarely affects performance].
 
* debunking a number of [http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/TR18015.pdf C++ myths that won't die].
 
* std::sort<> is typically faster than qsort() because it can avoid indirection at runtime.
 
* if you've got parallelisation going on, you may be able to just replace a std::for_each with a parallel equivalent.
 
* read about [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/579887/how-expensive-is-rtti performance cost of RTTI] (Run Time Type Information) and [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4486609/when-can-compiling-c-without-rtti-cause-problems how to disable it]
 
* don't use dynamic_cast because it is slow (typeid is faster but still relies on RTTI)
 
* prefer unique_ptr to shared_ptr when possible. unique_ptr has less overhead.
 
* [http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-02-1996/swol-02-perf.html Which is better, static or dynamic linking?]
 
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2550281/floating-point-vs-integer-calculations-on-modern-hardware Integer vs Floating-Point performance]
 
  
= systemd =
+
Or:
  
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd systemd] is an init system used in most Linux distributions to bootstrap the user space and manage all processes subsequently.
+
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
 +
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
 +
  exit 1;
 +
fi
  
== Following a service log ==
+
== Checking command exit status ==
  
e.g. for bind9:
+
cd /my/path
 +
if [ "$?" -ne "0" ]; then
 +
  echo "Cannot change dir.";
 +
  exit 1;
 +
fi
  
# journalctl -f -u bind9
+
== Checking if a file does/doesn't exist ==
  
or for everything:
+
Check if file exists:
  
  # journalctl -f
+
  if [ -f "/my/file" ]; then
 +
  cat /my/file
 +
fi
  
== System status ==
+
Check if file doesn't exist:
  
To see spawned services hierarchy:
+
if [ ! -f "/my/file" ]; then
 +
  touch /my/file
 +
fi
  
# systemctl status
+
== Checking if a directory does/doesn't exist ==
  
Or for a specific service e.g.:
+
Check if directory exists:
  
  # systemctl status networking
+
  if [ -d "/my/dir" ]; then
 +
  rmdir /my/dir
 +
fi
  
= SaltStack =
+
Check if directory doesn't exist:
  
== Running a command on specified minions ==
+
if [ ! -d "/my/dir" ]; then
 +
  mkdir /my/dir
 +
fi
  
salt 'host' cmd.run 'update-locale'
+
== Deleting old backups ==
  
== Running a command on all minions ==
+
To keep only the latest five backups:
  
  salt '*' cmd.run 'update-locale'
+
  find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf '%T@ %p\0' | sort -r -z -n | awk 'BEGIN { RS="\0"; ORS="\0"; FS="" } NR > 5 { sub("^[0-9]*(.[0-9]*)? ", ""); print }' | xargs -0 rm -f
  
== Listing active jobs ==
+
This script stolen from [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25785/delete-all-but-the-most-recent-x-files-in-bash stackoverflow].
  
salt-run jobs.active
+
Requires GNU find for -printf, GNU sort for -z, GNU awk for "\0" and GNU xargs for -0, but handles files with embedded newlines or spaces.
  
== Listing available grains ==
+
== Changing into the script's directory ==
  
  salt 'example' grains.items
+
  cd "`dirname $0`"
  
== Listing available pillar ==
+
== Getting the absolute path of a relative path ==
  
  salt 'example' pillar.items
+
  readlink -f ./some/path
  
== Reporting a grain value ==
+
== Creating a temp directory ==
  
e.g. for the 'mem_total' grain:
+
dir=`mktemp -d` && cd $dir
  
salt '*' grains.item mem_total
+
== Reading secret input from stdin ==
 +
 
 +
You can read a secret, such as a password, like this:
  
== Passing a variable into a Jinja template from a salt state (SLS) ==
+
echo -n "Enter passphrase: "
 +
stty -echo
 +
read passphrase;
 +
stty echo
 +
echo ""
  
e.g.: to pass 'zabbix_deb_{pkg,url}' variables into the source.txt template:
+
After running the above the secret will be in the $passphrase environment variable.
  
<nowiki>/srv/zabbix/release/{{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}.txt:</nowiki>
+
== String replacements in bash ==
  file.managed:
 
    - template: jinja
 
    - user: root
 
    - group: root
 
    - mode: 644
 
    - source: salt://file/srv/zabbix/release/source.txt
 
    - require:
 
      - file: /srv/zabbix/release
 
    - default:
 
      <nowiki>zabbix_deb_pkg: {{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}</nowiki>
 
      <nowiki>zabbix_deb_url: {{ zabbix_deb_url }}</nowiki>
 
  
= KDE =
+
See the [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html string manipulation] doco. Basically, to replace first occurrence:
  
== Running user login script (X11/XOrg/XWindows) ==
+
result=${var/find/replace}
  
A way to run user login scripts which works for KDE Plasma (and apparently other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server X.Org Server X Window System] environments) is to create a *.desktop file in ~/.config/autostart/. For example I have a ~/.config/autostart/ssh-add.desktop file with the following contents to register my SSH key in the SSH Agent:
+
To replace all occurrences:
  
  [Desktop Entry]
+
  result=${var//find/replace}
Type=Application
 
Name=ssh-add
 
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
 
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'
 
  
== Standard KDE shortcut key bindings ==
+
A practical example, get an ISO date and turn it into a path:
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
date="$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"
! Name          !! Shortcut !! Command
+
work_dir=${date//-//}
|-
 
| Insert comment || F1      || xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d ) $USER - "
 
|-
 
| Insert sydtime || F4      || xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S)"
 
|-
 
| Konsole        || Meta+T  || konsole
 
|-
 
| Dolphin        || Meta+E  || dolphin
 
|-
 
| Kate          || Ctrl+Shift+F12 || kate
 
|-
 
| KCalc          || Ctrl+Shift+F11 || kcalc
 
|-
 
| Firefox        || Ctrl+Shift+F10 || firefox
 
|}
 
  
= VirtualBox =
+
== Sending a HEREDOC to a file ==
  
== Mounting a VirtualBox VDI file ==
+
cat << EOF > /tmp/yourfilehere
 +
These contents will be written to the file.
 +
        This line is indented.
 +
EOF
  
Note: instead of doing this consider booting with a live CD.
+
== Bash case/switch statement ==
  
See [https://askubuntu.com/questions/19430/mount-a-virtualbox-drive-image-vdi/50290#50290 here]:
+
See [http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_07_03.html using case statements], e.g.:
  
Install qemu if necessary:
+
case $space in
 +
[1-6]*)
 +
  Message="All is quiet."
 +
  ;;
 +
[7-8]*)
 +
  Message="Start thinking about cleaning out some stuff.  There's a partition that is $space % full."
 +
  ;;
 +
9[1-8])
 +
  Message="Better hurry with that new disk...  One partition is $space % full."
 +
  ;;
 +
99)
 +
  Message="I'm drowning here!  There's a partition at $space %!"
 +
  ;;
 +
*)
 +
  Message="I seem to be running with an nonexistent amount of disk space..."
 +
  ;;
 +
esac
  
# apt install qemu
+
== Using dotglob shopt to match dot-files ==
  
Then you'll need to load the network block device module:
+
To enable dot-file matching in globs, set the dotglob shell option:
  
  # rmmod nbd
+
  $ shopt -s dotglob
# modprobe nbd max_part=16
 
  
Attach the .vdi image to one of the nbd you just created:
+
== Stopping a script from running if it previously exited due to error ==
  
  # qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 drive.vdi
+
  persistentDataDir=/var/lib/something
 +
alarm() {
 +
  touch $persistentDataDir/alarm
 +
}
 +
trap alarm ERR
 +
[ -f $persistentDataDir/alarm ] && exit 1
  
Now you will get a /dev/nbd0 block device, along with several /dev/nbd0p* partition device nodes.
+
== Make sure only one instance of a script is running at a time ==
  
  # mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt
+
  ephemeralDataDir=/var/run/something
 +
unlock() {
 +
  rmdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock
 +
}
 +
mkdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock || exit 1;
 +
trap unlock EXIT
  
Once you are done, unmount everything and disconnect the device:
+
== BASH programming advice ==
  
# qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
+
See [https://blog.yossarian.net/2020/01/23/Anybody-can-write-good-bash-with-a-little-effort Anybody can write good bash (with a little effort)].
  
= Elasticsearch =
+
== Run a command using arguments that come from an array ==
  
== Report on health of your Elasticsearch cluster ==
+
See [https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/412647/356289 here]:
  
  $ curl http://localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty
+
  #!/bin/bash
 +
tabs=("first tab" "second tab")
 +
args=()
 +
for t in "${tabs[@]}" ; do
 +
  args+=(-t "$t")
 +
done
 +
app "${args[@]}"
  
= Zabbix =
+
== Display a CSV in columnar or tabular format ==
  
== Zabbix Agent on Mac OS X ==
+
$ column -t -s , data.csv
  
Download and install agent.
+
== Maximum command line length ==
 +
 
 +
Technically this is an operating system limit, not a BASH limit.
 +
 
 +
$ getconf ARG_MAX    # Get argument limit in bytes/chars
 +
 
 +
= Sed =
 +
 
 +
== Find and replace with sed ==
 +
 
 +
To update the current file use '-i'. E.g.:
 +
 
 +
sed -i 's/search-text/replace-text/' file
 +
 
 +
= Awk =
 +
 
 +
== Listing IP addresses in an Apache web log ==
 +
 
 +
awk '/GET \/path\/for\/url/ { print $1 }' /var/log/apache2/access.log | sort | uniq
 +
 
 +
== Printing space-separated field ==
 +
 
 +
echo 'no no yes no' | awk '{print $3}'
 +
 
 +
== Printing delimited field ==
 +
 
 +
echo 'no:no:yes:no' | awk -F ':' '{print $3}'
 +
 
 +
= Subversion =
  
Config file is here: /usr/local/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf
+
== Setting svn:externals from the command-line ==
  
Unload agent with:
+
See [http://beerpla.net/2009/06/20/how-to-properly-set-svn-svnexternals-property-in-svn-command-line/ here].
 +
 
 +
To set an svn:externals from the command-line:
 +
 
 +
svn propset svn:externals 'rdfind-php https://www.progclub.org/svn/pcrepo/rdfind.php/branches/0.1' .
 +
svn ci -m 'Adding svn:externals for rdfind-php...'
 +
svn up
 +
 
 +
Or to use a file:
 +
 
 +
svn propset svn:externals -F svn.externals .
 +
 
 +
== Setting svn:ignore from the command line ==
 +
 
 +
See [http://tedone.typepad.com/blog/2010/03/setting-svnignore-from-the-command-line.html here].
 +
 
 +
$ svn propset svn:ignore [file|folder] [path]
 +
 
 +
Or use a file and apply recursively:
 +
 
 +
$ svn propset svn:ignore -RF ./svn-ignore-list.txt .
 +
 
 +
= Git =
 +
 
 +
== Showing status of working copy ==
 +
 
 +
git status
 +
 
 +
== Showing repo history ==
 +
 
 +
git log
 +
 
 +
== Showing remote repositories (including 'origin') ==
 +
 
 +
git remote -v
 +
 
 +
== Handy git aliases ==
 +
 
 +
Save these to your ~/.gitconfig file.
 +
 
 +
For a nicer view of history than standard 'git log' -- colourful, one-line-per commit, etc:
 +
 
 +
  graph = !git log --all --graph --color --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline
 +
 
 +
To show only the files that have changed, rather than the full line-by-line content:
 +
 
 +
  dif  = !git diff --name-status
 +
 
 +
== Show git remote URL ==
 +
 
 +
git config --get remote.origin.url
 +
 
 +
= IRC =
 +
 
 +
== Instructing ChanServ to op an admin ==
 +
 
 +
/msg ChanServ op #channel user
 +
 
 +
E.g.
 +
 
 +
/msg ChanServ op #gnurc jj5
 +
 
 +
Sub 'op' for 'deop' to remove op privilege.
 +
 
 +
= C++ =
 +
 
 +
== C++ books ==
 +
 
 +
=== Books I want ===
 +
 
 +
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1785283073 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming 2ed]
 +
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1783986549 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming Cookbook]
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020170353X Accelerated C++] by Andrew Koening
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321334876 Effective C++] by Scott Meyers
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1491903996 Effective Modern C++] by Scott Meyers
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020163371X More Effective C++] by Scott Meyers
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201749629 Effective STL] by Scott Meyers
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201615622 Exceptional C++] by Herb Sutter
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/020170434X More Exceptional C++] by Herb Sutter
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201760428 Exceptional C++ Style] by Herb Sutter
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321227255 C++ Template Metaprogramming] by David Abrahams
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/059652269X 97 Things Every Software Architect Should Know] by Richard Monson-Haefel
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/9491028022 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume II - Advanced Libraries] by Robert Demming
 +
 
 +
=== Books I own ===
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321563840 The C++ Programming Language 4ed] by Bjarne Stroustrup
 +
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/9491028022 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume II - Advanced Libraries]
 +
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1849514887 Boost C++ Application Development Cookbook]
 +
* [http://smile.amazon.com/dp/1782163263 Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming]
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321113586 C++ Coding Standards] by Herb Sutter &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201704315 Modern C++ Design] by Andrei Alexandrescu &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0596809484 97 Things Every Programmer Should Know] by Kevlin Henney &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321133544 Beyond the C++ Standard Library] by Björn Karlsson &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/9491028014 Introduction to the Boost C++ Libraries; Volume I - Foundations] by Robert Demming &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0123850037 API Design for C++] by Martin Reddy &#x2713;
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CB23URA Advanced C++ Metaprogramming] by Davide Di Gennaro &#x2713;
 +
** Note: the next version of this book is: [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1484210115 Advanced Metaprogramming in Classic C++]
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1933988770 C++ Concurrency in Action: Practical Multithreading] by Anthony Williams &#x2713;
 +
 
 +
=== Books I'm not reading ===
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0321563840 The C++ Programming Language 3ed] by Bjarne Stroustrup &#x2713;
 +
** Note: 3ed is obsolete. Buy 4ed (above).
 +
 
 +
=== Books I've read ===
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0596004966 C++ Pocket Reference] by Kyle Loudon &#x2713;
 +
 
 +
== C++ blogs/articles ==
 +
 
 +
* [http://blogs.msdn.com/b/hsutter/ Herb Sutter's MSDN blog]
 +
* [http://herbsutter.com/ Herb Sutter's personal blog]
 +
* [http://herbsutter.com/gotw/ Herb Sutter's Guru of the Week (GotW)] updated from [http://gotw.ca/gotw/ gotw.ca]
 +
 
 +
== C++ performance tips ==
 +
 
 +
* ++c can be faster than c++.
 +
* use const for everything that you possibly can.
 +
* use 'inline' when you need to define a function in a header. Typically only do that if it's small and the increase in code size from inlining is worth the cost to avoid the cost of a function call. For anything except trivially small functions you'll probably need to profile to know if it's worth it.
 +
* don't use registers.
 +
* const [http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/081.htm rarely affects performance].
 +
* debunking a number of [http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/TR18015.pdf C++ myths that won't die].
 +
* std::sort<> is typically faster than qsort() because it can avoid indirection at runtime.
 +
* if you've got parallelisation going on, you may be able to just replace a std::for_each with a parallel equivalent.
 +
* read about [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/579887/how-expensive-is-rtti performance cost of RTTI] (Run Time Type Information) and [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4486609/when-can-compiling-c-without-rtti-cause-problems how to disable it]
 +
* don't use dynamic_cast because it is slow (typeid is faster but still relies on RTTI)
 +
* prefer unique_ptr to shared_ptr when possible. unique_ptr has less overhead.
 +
* [http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-02-1996/swol-02-perf.html Which is better, static or dynamic linking?]
 +
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2550281/floating-point-vs-integer-calculations-on-modern-hardware Integer vs Floating-Point performance]
 +
 
 +
= systemd =
 +
 
 +
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd systemd] is an init system used in most Linux distributions to bootstrap the user space and manage all processes subsequently.
 +
 
 +
== Following a service log ==
 +
 
 +
e.g. for bind9:
 +
 
 +
# journalctl -f -u bind9
 +
 
 +
or for everything:
 +
 
 +
# journalctl -f
 +
 
 +
== System status ==
 +
 
 +
To see spawned services hierarchy:
 +
 
 +
# systemctl status
 +
 
 +
Or for a specific service e.g.:
 +
 
 +
# systemctl status networking
 +
 
 +
= SaltStack =
 +
 
 +
== Running a command on specified minions ==
 +
 
 +
From the salt master:
 +
 
 +
salt 'host' cmd.run 'update-locale'
 +
 
 +
From the salt minion:
 +
 
 +
salt-call cmd.run 'update-locale'
 +
 
 +
== Running a command on all minions ==
 +
 
 +
salt '*' cmd.run 'update-locale'
 +
 
 +
== Running a specific state file ==
 +
 
 +
From the salt master:
 +
 
 +
salt $MINION_ID state.sls $STATE_FILE
 +
 
 +
From the salt minion:
 +
 
 +
salt-call state.sls $STATE_FILE
 +
 
 +
== Listing active jobs ==
 +
 
 +
salt-run jobs.active
 +
 
 +
== Listing available grains ==
 +
 
 +
salt 'example' grains.items
 +
 
 +
== Listing available pillar ==
 +
 
 +
salt 'example' pillar.items
 +
 
 +
== Reporting a grain value ==
 +
 
 +
e.g. for the 'mem_total' grain:
 +
 
 +
salt '*' grains.item mem_total
 +
 
 +
== Passing a variable into a Jinja template from a salt state (SLS) ==
 +
 
 +
e.g.: to pass 'zabbix_deb_{pkg,url}' variables into the source.txt template:
 +
 
 +
<nowiki>/srv/zabbix/release/{{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}.txt:</nowiki>
 +
  file.managed:
 +
    - template: jinja
 +
    - user: root
 +
    - group: root
 +
    - mode: 644
 +
    - source: salt://file/srv/zabbix/release/source.txt
 +
    - require:
 +
      - file: /srv/zabbix/release
 +
    - default:
 +
      <nowiki>zabbix_deb_pkg: {{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}</nowiki>
 +
      <nowiki>zabbix_deb_url: {{ zabbix_deb_url }}</nowiki>
 +
 
 +
= KDE =
 +
 
 +
== Running user login script (X11/XOrg/XWindows) ==
 +
 
 +
A way to run user login scripts which works for KDE Plasma (and apparently other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server X.Org Server X Window System] environments) is to create a *.desktop file in ~/.config/autostart/. For example I have a ~/.config/autostart/ssh-add.desktop file with the following contents to register my SSH key in the SSH Agent:
 +
 
 +
[Desktop Entry]
 +
Type=Application
 +
Name=ssh-add
 +
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
 +
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'
 +
 
 +
== Standard KDE shortcut key bindings ==
 +
 
 +
{|class="wikitable"
 +
! Name          !! Shortcut !! Command
 +
|-
 +
| Send Ctrl+D    || Pause    || xdotool key "ctrl+d"
 +
|-
 +
| Insert comment || F1      || xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d ) $USER - "
 +
|-
 +
| Insert sydtime || F4      || xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S)"
 +
|-
 +
| Konsole        || Meta+T  || konsole
 +
|-
 +
| Dolphin        || Meta+E  || dolphin
 +
|-
 +
| Firefox        || ScrollLock || firefox
 +
|-
 +
| Kate          || Ctrl+Shift+F12 || kate
 +
|-
 +
| KCalc          || Ctrl+Shift+F11 || kcalc
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Shutting down KDE/Plasma ==
 +
 
 +
# /etc/init.d/sddm stop
 +
 
 +
= VirtualBox =
 +
 
 +
== Mounting a VirtualBox VDI file ==
 +
 
 +
Note: instead of doing this consider booting with a live CD.
 +
 
 +
See [https://askubuntu.com/questions/19430/mount-a-virtualbox-drive-image-vdi/50290#50290 here]:
 +
 
 +
Install qemu if necessary:
 +
 
 +
# apt install qemu
 +
 
 +
Then you'll need to load the network block device module:
 +
 
 +
# rmmod nbd
 +
# modprobe nbd max_part=16
 +
 
 +
Attach the .vdi image to one of the nbd you just created:
 +
 
 +
# qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 drive.vdi
 +
 
 +
Now you will get a /dev/nbd0 block device, along with several /dev/nbd0p* partition device nodes.
 +
 
 +
# mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt
 +
 
 +
Once you are done, unmount everything and disconnect the device:
 +
 
 +
# qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
 +
 
 +
= Elasticsearch =
 +
 
 +
== Report on health of your Elasticsearch cluster ==
 +
 
 +
$ curl http://localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty
 +
 
 +
= Zabbix =
 +
 
 +
== Zabbix Agent on Mac OS X ==
 +
 
 +
Download and install agent.
 +
 
 +
Config file is here: /usr/local/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf
 +
 
 +
Unload agent with:
  
 
  # launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist
 
  # launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist
  
Load agent with:
+
Load agent with:
 
+
 
  # launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist
+
  # launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist
 
+
 
To add a 'pki' group:
+
To add a 'pki' group:
 
+
 
  # dseditgroup -o create pki
+
  # dseditgroup -o create pki
 
+
 
To monitor syslog on Mac OS X:
+
To monitor syslog on Mac OS X:
 
+
 
  # tail -f /var/log/system.log
+
  # tail -f /var/log/system.log
 
+
 
== Installing Zabbix Agent from source on Mac OS X ==
+
== Installing Zabbix Agent from source on Mac OS X ==
 +
 
 +
Download sources from https://www.zabbix.com/download_sources
 +
 
 +
$ brew update
 +
$ brew install openssl
 +
$ brew install pcre
 +
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ ./configure --enable-agent --with-openssl=/usr/local/opt/openssl/
 +
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ sudo make install
 +
 
 +
= NetBeans =
 +
 
 +
== NetBeans shortcut keys ==
 +
 
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 +
! Keys        !! Action
 +
|-
 +
| Ctrl+W      || Close active window
 +
|-
 +
| Alt+Shift+K  || Open in Terminal
 +
|-
 +
| Ctrl+U U    || Convert selected text to uppercase
 +
|-
 +
| Ctrl+U L    || Convert selected text to lowercase
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
= XML =
  
Download sources from https://www.zabbix.com/download_sources
+
== How to pretty-print an XML file ==
  
  $ brew update
+
  $ xmllint --format input.xml > output.xml
$ brew install openssl
 
$ brew install pcre
 
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ ./configure --enable-agent --with-openssl=/usr/local/opt/openssl/
 
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ sudo make install
 
  
= NetBeans =
+
= ApacheBench =
  
== NetBeans shortcut keys ==
+
== Run a benchmark with ApacheBench ==
  
{|class="wikitable sortable"
+
  $ ab -n 1000 -c 100 https://www.example.com/
! Keys        !! Action
 
|-
 
| Ctrl+W      || Close active window
 
|-
 
| Alt+Shift+K || Open in Terminal
 
|-
 
| Ctrl+U U    || Convert selected text to uppercase
 
|-
 
| Ctrl+U L    || Convert selected text to lowercase
 
|}
 

Latest revision as of 04:24, 28 February 2024

Hi there, I'm John. I just wanted a page where I could document various Linux things that I bump into. This is that page. Thank you ProgClub. :)

Note: I have some other disorganised notes on UNIX, which include a few tips for MacOS. I also have some tips for OS X.

Note: the info on this page is probably Ubuntu (and Debian as an outside chance) specific, because I use Ubuntu pretty much everywhere these days.

You might also be interested in John's hacks.

Quick jump to: NetBeans.

References

Command-line

See Shell Commands I Wish I Knew Earlier for some interesting options.

System

Reporting system specifications from the command-line

Try any of these:

# neofetch
# inxi
# hwinfo --short

You may need to install the relevant package.

Determining which Debian/Ubuntu release your are running

$ lsb_release -r

Or for more information:

$ lsb_release

Determining which Linux/Unix you are running

$ uname

Or,

$ uname -mrs

Or,

$ uname -a

Determining which Linux kernel you are running

$ uname -r

Configuring system swappiness

Swappiness is a number between 0 and 100 that regulates how much the system uses the swap file. I like setting this value to 0 to keep my apps as responsive as possible. Create a file /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf and add this line:

vm.swappiness = 0

If you want to set the value for the current session only:

echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

Hardware information

For information about the hardware attached to your system, check out:

# lshw

And for PCI devices:

# lspci

And for DMI info:

# dmidecode

Note that the dmidecode command (above) will give you information about your system's motherboard. For motherboard info look for 'System Information' and/or 'Base Board Information'.

Or the grand daddy of them all:

# hwinfo

There's also inxi, e.g.:

$ inxi -b

System:    Host: tact Kernel: 4.9.0-4-amd64 x86_64 (64 bit) Desktop: KDE Plasma 5.8.6
           Distro: Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)
Machine:   Device: desktop Mobo: ASUSTeK model: STRIX Z270F GAMING v: Rev 1.xx
           UEFI [Legacy]: American Megatrends v: 0906 date: 03/22/2017
CPU:       Quad core Intel Core i7-7700K (-HT-MCP-) speed/max: 799/4600 MHz
Graphics:  Card: Intel Device 5912
           Display Server: X.Org 1.19.2 drivers: modesetting (unloaded: fbdev,vesa)
           Resolution: 1920x1080@60.00hz, 1920x1080@60.00hz
           GLX Renderer: Mesa DRI Intel Kabylake GT2 GLX Version: 3.0 Mesa 13.0.6
Network:   Card: Intel Ethernet Connection (2) I219-V driver: e1000e
Drives:    HDD Total Size: 13026.6GB (42.0% used)
RAID:      Devices: 1: /dev/md1 2: /dev/md0
Info:      Processes: 355 Uptime: 11 days Memory: 21198.3/32043.3MB Client: Shell (bash) inxi: 2.3.5

Motherboard info

# dmidecode -t 2

CPU info

# lscpu

or:

# cat /proc/cpuinfo

RAM info

# dmidecode --type memory

PCI info

# lspci -v

Drive info

# cat /proc/partitions

and:

# hdparm -I /dev/sda

and:

# smartctl --info /dev/sda

You can check if a drive is SSD or not with:

# cat /sys/block/sde/queue/rotational
0=SSD
1=HDD

Viewing syslog and other logs with KSystemLog

Run the 'KSystemLog' program under KDE for a handy log viewer GUI.

CPU

Monitoring CPU clock speed

Try something like this:

$ watch 'grep MHz /proc/cpuinfo | awk "{ print \$4 }" | sort -n'

Power

Reporting on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS status

Before running `upsc` ensure service is running:

# upsdrvctl start

To see the status of the PowerShield DEFENDER systems on John's LAN:

$ upsc defender

E.g.:

jj5@orac:~$ upsc defender
Init SSL without certificate database
battery.charge: 100
battery.voltage: 27.40
battery.voltage.high: 26.00
battery.voltage.low: 20.80
battery.voltage.nominal: 24.0
device.type: ups
driver.name: blazer_usb
driver.parameter.pollinterval: 2
driver.parameter.port: auto
driver.parameter.synchronous: no
driver.version: 2.7.4
driver.version.internal: 0.12
input.current.nominal: 5.0
input.frequency: 50.1
input.frequency.nominal: 50
input.voltage: 242.6
input.voltage.fault: 242.6
input.voltage.nominal: 240
output.voltage: 242.6
ups.beeper.status: disabled
ups.delay.shutdown: 30
ups.delay.start: 180
ups.load: 14
ups.productid: 5161
ups.status: OL
ups.type: offline / line interactive
ups.vendorid: 0665

Run commands on PowerShield DEFENDER UPS batteries

You can run "instant commands" using the upscmd command.

We use the 'beeper.toggle' instant command in our Salt Stack config to disable the beeper, see e.g.:

diligence:/srv/salt/conf/app/defender-1200.sls

To see "instant commands" supported by the PowerShield DEFENDER:

$ upscmd -l defender

E.g.:

jj5@orac:~$ upscmd -l defender
Instant commands supported on UPS [defender]:

beeper.toggle - Toggle the UPS beeper
load.off - Turn off the load immediately
load.on - Turn on the load immediately
shutdown.return - Turn off the load and return when power is back
shutdown.stayoff - Turn off the load and remain off
shutdown.stop - Stop a shutdown in progress
test.battery.start - Start a battery test
test.battery.start.deep - Start a deep battery test
test.battery.start.quick - Start a quick battery test
test.battery.stop - Stop the battery test

Service management

Report running services

# service --status-all

Environment

Configuring vim as your editor

Sometimes all you need is:

$ export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim

Which works for svn, for example. Add it to your ~/.profile file to have it set for all login sessions.

Other times you need to run

# update-alternatives --config editor

And then select vim from the list. This is what you do to configure your visudo editor.

Configuring your locale

$ sudo /usr/sbin/locale-gen en_AU.UTF-8
$ sudo /usr/sbin/update-locale LANG=en_AU.UTF-8

User and group management

Adding a user

To add a new user on a linux system:

# useradd username
# passwd username

To have the home directory created from '/etc/skel' use the 'adduser' script instead:

# adduser username

Adding a user to a group

To add an existing user to an existing group:

# gpasswd -a username group

e.g. to add user 'jj5' to the 'sudo' group:

# gpasswd -a jj5 sudo

Alternatively you can use adduser, passing the username and group:

# adduser username group

e.g. to add user 'sclaughl' to the 'staff' group:

# adduser sclaughl staff

Disabling a user account

You can disable a user account with:

# passwd -l user

Note: that's a lower-case L, not a one.

Enabling a disabled user account

To can re-enable a locked user account with:

# passwd -u user

Finding which user you are logged in as

To determine which user you are running as enter the command:

$ whoami

Finding which groups you are a member of

To find which groups you are a member of:

$ groups

or

$ groups username

Where 'username' is the username of the user you are querying, e.g.:

$ groups jj5

Finding who else is logged in to the system

To see who else is logged in,

$ who

Running a command as a particular user

To run "svn update" as the user www-data:

$ sudo su -c "svn update" www-data

Reporting user and group info for the current user

$ id

Memory management

Checking available memory

To report memory statistics in megabytes:

$ free -m

Check for swap thrashing

Check your virtual memory status with vmstat:

$ vmstat

Report memory type

Report on RAM DIMMs:

# dmidecode --type 17

Report on RAM and CPU cache (including L1, L2, and L3):

# lshw -short -C memory

Or for more detail:

# lshw -C memory

Video/display management

Viewing EDID data for attached monitor

To view EDID data for an attached monitor (requires the edid-decode package):

$ cd /sys/class/drm
$ ls
$ cd card0-HDMI-A-1
$ edid-decode edid

Process management

Using 'top' for dynamic resource usage reporting

To run top:

$ top

See 15 Practical Linux Top Command Examples for some hints on usage.

To see usage for a specific user run e.g.:

$ top -u jj5

To see full command-line press 'c'.

When you're in 'top' you can:

  • press '1' (one) to toggle CPU aggregation
  • press < and > to change the sort column

Changing memory reporting in 'top'

To run top:

$ top

Press 'E' to switch between top memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)

Press 'e' to switch between bottom memory units (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.)

Press 'M' to sort by memory utilisation.

Press 'm' to switch between various display modes.

Showing full command-line in 'top'

To see the full command-line for processes run with -c:

$ top -c

Listing all processes currently running which were started in your current shell session

$ ps -fl

Killing specific processes

# ps aux | grep -e "this\|that" | grep -v grep | tr -s " " | cut -d " " -f 2 | xargs kill -9

Run a command for a specified time using timeout

$ timeout 3 ping jj5.net

Disk management

Power-off a hard drive

For instance if it's a USB drive or in a mobile rack and you want to remove it.

# udisksctl power-off -b /dev/sdi

Reporting ext4 file-systems mounted without noatime

$ cat /proc/mounts | grep ext | grep -v noatime | sort

Creating a partition table

# parted /dev/xvdf
mktable msdos

Creating a partition

# parted /dev/xvdf
u MiB
mkpart primary 1 100%

Creating an ext4 file-system

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdf1

Listing disk drives

# fdisk -l

(That's an L for "list")

Checking available disk space

$ df -h

Getting disk information

# lsblk

And

# cat /proc/partitions

Or the Grand Daddy of them all:

# lshw -class disk

(Requires the lshw package.)

Getting partition UUID and file-system type

# blkid

Checking for SSD vs magnetic disk

# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/rotational

Will be 0 for SSD and 1 for magnetic.

Monitoring a ZFS server

So some commands I run to keep an eye on my new ZFS servers:

# top
# iotop
# nethogs
# watch free -h
# watch slabtop -o
# slabtop
# watch cat /proc/meminfo
# perf top
# watch "df -h | grep -v -e tmpfs -e udev -e by-uuid"
# watch zpool iostat -v
# zpool iostat -v 2
# watch 'zpool list; echo; zfs list'
# watch zfs get compressratio -o all
# watch cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats

If you have a scrub or resilvering in progress you can report on progress with:

# watch zpool status -v

You can poke about in internals, e.g.:

# cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats
root@orac:/sys/module/zfs/parameters# tail *

You can report on property values with e.g.:

# zfs get all data

If you want to get funky:

# cd /tmp
# perf record -ag #(Ctrl+C after ~15 seconds)
# perf report --stdio

You can search for ZFS files like e.g. this:

root@orac:/# find / -name '*zfs*' -or -name '*zpool*'

You can report history of a zpool:

# zpool history $poolname

You can get a report on the dedup tables:

# zpool status -D $poolname

Or more detailed dedup table info:

# zdb -DDD $poolname

Note in the output see here for details, basically:

Abbr Description
LSIZE logical size (in memory)
PSIZE physical size
DSIZE size on disk
refcnt reference count

How to tell if zfs scrub is running

You can get the status from the "scan:" line from:

$ zpool status

Measure data throughput

Use the 'pv' command from the 'pv' package, e.g.:

# cat /dev/sda | pv | cat > /dev/null

Or for ZFS:

# zfs send data/example | pv | cat > /dev/null

Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian

For notes on using smartctl see Using Smartctl, Smartd and Hddtemp on Debian.

Report hard disk usage

So you might want to know how much data a process reads or writes to a hard disk. You can monitor process total disk utilisation with the 'iotop' command. Run 'iotop' and then press 'a' for --accumulated.

Report hard disk temperatures

E.g.

# hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]

Burning an ISO image to USB on Mac

First insert your USB key and find the appropriate disk with:

# diskutil list

Then unmount it with:

# diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk4

Then copy ISO image with 'dd':

# dd if=ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso of=/dev/disk4

You can get dd to report progress by sending it the SIGINFO signal:

# kill -s info 12345

Listing all ext4 file systems

To see a list only of the mounted ext4 file systems:

# df -t ext4

Report hierarchical file system mount points and mount options

$ findmnt

Report the mount point for the current working directory

$ findmnt "$PWD"

Monitoring disk I/O

There's an app for that! iotop.

Using iotop, top for disks

# iotop -oPa

Monitor disk I/O for performance issues

# watch iostat

Or e.g.

# watch iostat -xd /dev/sd[abc]

Or use groupings like this command for 'tact':

$ iostat -g system nvme0n1 -g fast sda sdb -g data sdc sdd -d 2

Monitoring a system

Simple ZFS monitoring

# watch iostat
# iotop
# zpool iostat -v 5
# watch 'hddtemp /dev/sd[a-e]; echo; zpool list; echo; zfs list'
# nethogs
# top

Monitoring temperature

See temperature without third-party apps for:

$ cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp

and:

$ paste <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/type) <(cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp) | column -s $'\t' -t | sed 's/\(.\)..$/.\1°C/'

Monitoring CPU temperature

$ watch sensors

Monitoring HDD temperature

For e.g. SATA drives sda to sdd:

# watch hddtemp /dev/sd[a-d]

ZFS

How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory?

See How can I determine the current size of the ARC in ZFS, and how does the ARC relate to free or cache memory?

$ cat /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/arcstats

Then:

c is the target size of the ARC in bytes
c_max is the maximum size of the ARC in bytes
size is the current size of the ARC in bytes

Stopping a ZFS scrub in progress

# zpool scrub -s $pool

e.g. for the 'data' pool:

# zpool scrub -s data

File management

Listing files by size

Use capital S for Size:

$ ls -S

Listing only directories

$ ls -l | egrep '^d'

Listing only files

$ ls -l | egrep -v '^d'

Listing hidden files

$ ls -al .[!.]*

Creating a symbolic link

$ ln -s /path/to/target link-name

Creating a hard-link

$ ln /path/to/target file-name

Changing the owner of a file

$ chown user:group <files>

E.g.

$ chown jj5:staff README
$ chown root:root *

To apply recursively into sub-directories use -R,

$ chown -R root:root /etc/*

Changing file permissions

Object codes
User Group Other
u g o
Permission codes
Read Write Exectue
r w x
4 2 1
Numeric codes
0 None
1 Execute
2 Write
3 Write, Execute
4 Read
5 Read, Execute
6 Read, Write
7 Read, Write, Execute

See Numeric Mode in Action.

$ chmod <user numeric code><group numeric code><other numeric code> <files>
$ chmod <object codes>+|-<permission codes> <files>

E.g.

$ chmod 600 my-private-file
$ chmod go-rwx my-private-file
$ chmod u+rw my-private-file
$ chmod +x my-script

Updating config files

If you get given a new config file called new.conf and you want to integrate it with your old config file old.conf then:

$ cp old.conf updated.conf
$ merge -A updated.conf new.conf old.conf

Then go through and edit updated.conf resolving all the merge errors, picking and choosing what to update and what to keep. When you're done copy updated.conf to old.conf so it becomes the new config file.

The merge program is a part of the RCS package. If you don't have it:

$ sudo apt-get install rcs

Listing open files

Use lsof to list open files. E.g.:

# lsof

See man lsof for options.

List permissions on a whole directory path

E.g.:

$ namei -om /home/jj5/workspace

Outputs:

f: /home/jj5/workspace/
 drwxr-xr-x root root /
 drwxr-xr-x root root home
 drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  jj5
 drwxr-xr-x jj5  jj5  workspace

Counting non-blank lines in a file

E.g.:

$ cat foo.c | sed '/^\s*$/d' | wc -l

Cloning one directory to another with rsync

E.g.:

rsync --acls --xattrs --stats --human-readable --recursive --del --force --times --links --hard-links --executability --numeric-ids --owner --group --perms --sparse --compress-level=0 /data/source/ hostname:/data/target/

Counting number of files in current directory and all subdirectories

$ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^-' | wc -l

Counting number of directories in current directory and all subdirectories

$ ls -AlhR . | egrep '^d' | wc -l

Getting the status of a 'dd' process

First figure out the 'dd' process number, with e.g. 'top' or 'ps aux | grep dd'

Then send the dd process the SIGINFO signal, which for dd process 40947 would be:

# kill -s info 40947

The dd process will report its status in the terminal its running in.

Transferring a large file via FAT32 file system

So the maximum file size supported by a FAT32 file system (commonly used on USB keys) is 4 GB per file. If you have a file larger than 4 GB you can split it into parts and then reassemble the parts once transferred:

$ split -b 4000m input.tgz input.tgz-parts-

Then copy the small files and reassemble:

$ cat input.tgz-parts-* > output.tgz

Find the difference between two directories

$ diif -qr $DIR_A $DIR_B

Merging two directories

$ cp -RT source/ destination/

Files from source will be merged into destination.

Generating a replacement file

So you generate the file into a temp file, then hard link the temp file to where you want the replacement to go, then you delete the temp file:

$ generate-file.sh > file.txt.tmp
$ ln -f file.txt.tmp file.txt
$ rm file.txt.tmp

NFS

List NFS shares

To e.g. show NFS shares on 'love':

$ showmount -e love

Compression

How to use pigz with tar

See here:

$ tar cf - paths-to-archive | pigz --best -p 8 > archive.tgz

Note: don't use --best unless you're being stingy, running without it will be much faster.

Also from here:

Fast pack:

tar -I 'pigz --fast' -cf my.tar.gz whatver

Best pack:

tar -I 'pigz --best' -cf my.tar.gz whatver

Fast unpack:

tar -I pigz -xf my.tar.gz

Best compression with tar

From here:

export GZIP=-9
tar cvzf file.tar.gz /path/to/directory

or

env GZIP=-9 tar cvzf file.tar.gz /path/to/directory

Best parallel compression with pigz

$ pigz --best

Best parallel compression with xz

$ xz -9e -T 0

Reporting compression ratios with xz

e.g.

root@love:/data/image/archive# xz -l *
Strms  Blocks   Compressed Uncompressed  Ratio  Check   Filename
    1       3    372.2 MiB    442.3 MiB  0.841  CRC64   1999.txz
    1      29  5,281.3 MiB  5,542.5 MiB  0.953  CRC64   2001.txz
    1      11  1,364.3 MiB  2,084.3 MiB  0.655  CRC64   2002.txz
    1       9    568.5 MiB  1,660.2 MiB  0.342  CRC64   2003.txz
    1     639     66.8 GiB    119.6 GiB  0.558  CRC64   2004.txz
    1     313     12.7 GiB     58.6 GiB  0.217  CRC64   2005.txz
    1     414     35.0 GiB     77.4 GiB  0.452  CRC64   2006.txz
    1     485     44.5 GiB     90.9 GiB  0.490  CRC64   2007.txz
    1   1,690    150.0 GiB    316.8 GiB  0.473  CRC64   2008.txz
    1       3    457.9 MiB    526.0 MiB  0.871  CRC64   2009.txz
    1     168     27.3 GiB     31.4 GiB  0.868  CRC64   2010.txz
    1       4    477.1 MiB    702.8 MiB  0.679  CRC64   2011.txz
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   12   3,768    344.6 GiB    705.5 GiB  0.488  CRC64   12 files

Symbolic-link management

== Data used by sym-linked files:

This will de-reference the sym-links in the current directory and tell you how much data the files pointed to by the sym-links are using:

jj5@tact:/data/backup/unity/latest$ du -hD * | sort -h

File searching

Finding a file with a particular name

$ find -iname "*some-part-of-the-file-name*"

Will start searching from the current directory, so maybe

$ cd /

first. For a case-sensitive search:

$ find -name "*eXaCT CaSE*"

Finding a file with particular content

To search in /etc/ for a file with particular content:

$ grep -R "search-string" /etc/*

To search the current directory for *.cs files containing the word "Up":

$ find . -name '*.cs' -exec grep --color=auto -H Up {} \;

Finding a list of files with particular content

E.g. to find all the files with the word 'creativity':

$ grep -R creativity . | sed 's/:/ /' | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq

Using the locate command to find files

$ locate part-of-filename

E.g.

$ locate texvc

Updating locate command's database

# updatedb

Select a random line from a text file

$ shuf -n 1 input.txt

Extra context for grep

If you need to show extra lines before or after your grep results use -B NUM to set how many lines before the match and -A NUM for the number of lines after the match:

$ grep -B 3 -A 1 ...

Job control

Stopping a running process

Press Ctrl+Z to stop a running process.

Listing current jobs and their status

$ jobs

Resuming a stopped job in the backgroud

To resume a stopped process in the background

$ bg %1

where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').

Resuming a stopped job in the foreground

To resume a stopped process in the foreground

$ fg %1

where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').

Killing a stopped job

To kill a job

$ kill %1

where '1' is the job number reported by bash when you pressed Ctrl+Z (or ran 'jobs').

Periodically run a program and watch its output

$ watch /your/command

Debian/Ubuntu package management

Also see Where "is" it? on the Debian Wiki.

configuring debconf

# dpkg-reconfigure debconf 

Set priority to low to get asked detailed questions.

Showing list of installed packages

# dpkg --get-selections

Searching for installed package

# dpkg --get-selections | grep package-name

or

# aptitude search package-name

Showing which files are installed as part of a package

# dpkg -L package-name

Installing a package

# apt-get install package-name

Uninstalling a package

# apt-get remove package-name

Showing system architecture

$ dpkg --print-architecture

Showing which package a file belongs to

$ which echo
/bin/echo
$ dpkg -S /bin/echo
coreutils: /bin/echo
$ dpkg -l | grep coreutils
ii  coreutils                         6.10-6                   The GNU core utilities

Showing package information

$ apt-cache showpkg coreutils

Or for even more information:

$ apt-cache show coreutils

List all installed packages with package version info

dpkg-query -l

Reporting which version of a package is installed

$ dpkg -l | grep package-name

E.g.:

root@hope:~/letsencrypt# dpkg -l | grep augeas
ii  augeas-lenses                   0.7.0-1ubuntu1                 Set of lenses needed by libaugeas0 to parse 
ii  libaugeas0                      0.7.0-1ubuntu1                 The augeas configuration editing library and

Comprehensive upgrade

Try the following:

# apt-get update
# apt-get dist-upgrade
# apt-get autoremove
# apt-get remove $(deborphan)
# update-flashplugin-nonfree --install

Searching all available packages

$ apt-cache search . | sort -d | less

Reporting unattended upgrades status

See here for more info.

# tail -f /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log

Searching for Debian packages and versions

Networking

Determining throughput between two hosts

# apt install iperf3

On the server:

# iperf3 -s

On the client:

# iperf3 -c $SERVER_IP

For more info see: How to test the network speed/throughput between two Linux servers.

net-tools vs iproute2

The older 'net-tools' package has been replaced with 'iproute2' e.g. in stretch.

legacy net-tools commands iproute2 replacement commands
arp ip n (ip neighbor)
ifconfig ip a (ip addr), ip link, ip -s (ip -stats)
iptunnel ip tunnel
iwconfig iw
nameif ip link, ifrename
netstat ss, ip route (for netstat-r), ip -s link (for netstat -i), ip maddr (for netstat-g)
route ip r (ip route)

Restart networking

For servers:

# service networking restart

For desktops:

# service network-manager restart

Pinging with particular packet size

$ ping -M do -s <packet size in bytes> <host>

E.g.

$ ping -M do -s 1400 charity.progclub.org

Setting MSS for a particular IP address on a particular interface

# ip route add <host> dev <interface> advmss <packet size>

E.g.

# ip route add 10.0.0.1 dev eth0 advmss 1400

Dropping configured MMS for a particular IP address

# ip route flush <host>

E.g.

# ip route flush 10.0.0.1

Listing open ports and socket information

Including which process is listening on which port.

# netstat -tulpn

Or use the 'ss' command:

# ss -s
# ss -l
# ss -pl
# ss -o state established '( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )'

Listing open IPv4 connections

# lsof -Pnl +M -i4

You might need to install the lsof package:

# apt-get install lsof

Query for DNS MX record

$ nslookup
> server 127.0.0.1
> set q=mx
> mail.blackbrick.com

Query for DNS SOA record

$ dig @ns2.staticmagic.net -t SOA staticmagic.net

Using nmap to list open ports on remote host

To check the 1,000 most common ports:

# nmap server.example.com

Or for a specific port range (e.g. 101 to 102):

# nmap -p 101-102 server.example.com

Or for all ports (1 to 65,535):

# nmap -p- server.example.com

Network monitoring

See here for details. Basically:

  1. Overall bandwidth: nload, bmon, slurm, bwm-ng, cbm, speedometer, netload
  2. Overall bandwidth (batch style output): vnstat, ifstat, dstat, collectl
  3. Bandwidth per socket connection: iftop, iptraf, tcptrack, pktstat, netwatch, trafshow
  4. Bandwidth per process: nethogs

nload

You can watch network traffic in real-time with nload:

# nload -u M

Reporting network (NIC) speed

From here:

# dmesg | grep eth0
# mii-tool -v eth0
# ethtool eth0

Note: use ifconfig to get device name.

Path MTU discovery

To do a Path MTU Discovery, from the iputils-tracepath package:

# tracepath host.example.com

Listing available Ethernet devices

To see a list of NICs available on the host:

$ cat /proc/net/dev

Also

$ ip link

59 Linux Networking commands and scripts

See 59 Linux Networking commands and scripts.

Links

IPTables

Applying firewall rules

For configuration info see this article.

$ sudo vim /etc/iptables.test.rules
$ sudo /sbin/iptables -F
$ sudo /sbin/iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.test.rules
$ sudo iptables -L
$ sudo -s
# iptables-save > /etc/iptables.up.rules
# exit

Blocking an IP address with iptables

To drop IP address 1.2.3.4:

# iptables -A INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROP

ufw

Denying hosts with ufw

See denying hosts with ufw.

Bind9

Viewing Bind9 querylog

$ sudo rndc querylog
$ tail -f /var/log/syslog

IPSec

Disabling IPSec

# setkey -FP

OpenSSL

Debugging IMAPS with OpenSSL

# openssl s_client -connect localhost:993
> a1 LOGIN username@host password
> a2 LOGOUT

Debugging HTTPS with OpenSSL

$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
GET /example.html HTTP/1.1
host: www.example.com

Links

Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)

Links

SSH

Configuring SSH key login

On the client machine generate a key-pair (if necessary, check for existing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub):

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa

Copy the public key from the client to the server:

$ scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub user@example.org:

Configure the authorized keys on the server:

$ ssh user@example.org
$ mkdir ~/.ssh
$ chmod go-w .ssh
$ cat ~/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
$ rm ~/id_rsa.pub

Tunneling over SSH

For example, connecting a remote MySQL server to the localhost:

$ ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 jselliot@ssh.progsoc.org

If the machine you want to connect to is not the localhost of the machine you're ssh'ing to,

 $ ssh -L 3306:muspell.progsoc.uts.edu.au:3306 ssh.progsoc.uts.edu.au

The -L stanza is localport:remotehost:remoteport where localport is a port on your machine, forwarded to remoteport on remotehost.

Tunneling over SSH with PuTTY

See Connecting to the MySQL database remotely (via an SSH Tunnel)

  • run putty.exe
  • Connection -> SSH -> Tunnels
    • Port forwarding: source port to 3306
    • destination: 127.0.0.1:3306
    • check Local
    • click Add

Enabling verbose SSH logging

To see what's going on with your ssh connections,

$ ssh -v user@host

Or

$ ssh -vv user@host

Unlocking SSH key for session

jj5@orac:~/.config/autostart$ cat ssh-add.desktop 
[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=ssh-add
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'

Links

Standard IO

cat EOF

$ cat > output <<EOF
> text
> EOF
$ cat output
text

Script

Creating a session log with script

$ script -t 2> timing

The session log is in the file 'typescript' and the timing data is in 'timing'.

Replaying a scripted session

$ scriptreplay timing

Uses the default file 'typescript' and the 'timing' file as specified.

Screen

Creating a new screen or reconnecting to a detached screen

$ screen -R

Detaching a screen

$ screen -D

Reconnecting to screen

$ screen -D
$ screen -R

I have a script in ~/bin/reconnect like so,

#!/bin/bash
screen -D
screen -R

This will detach your last screen, and reconnect it on the current terminal.

Scrolling in screen

See How to scroll in GNU Screen. Basically press Ctrl+A ESC then use Page Up and Page Down. Press ESC again to exit copy mode. As usual you can use Ctrl+[ in place of ESC.

tmux

Live collaboration with tmux

User A:

tmux -S /tmp/collab
chmod 777 /tmp/collab

User B:

tmux -S /tmp/collab attach

Vim

First, why Vim?

Read Why, oh WHY, do those #?@! nutheads use vi?

Visual modes

Use 'v' for visual mode, 'V' for visual line mode and Ctrl+V for visual block mode.

Configuring spaces instead of tabs

I use two spaces instead of tabs. To configure, edit your .vimrc file:

$ vim ~/.vimrc

and include the following lines:

set tabstop=2
set shiftwidth=2
set expandtab

Configuring syntax highlighting

See here.

Use:

:syntax on

to turn on syntax highlighting.

Use:

:syntax off

to turn off syntax highlighting.

To always use syntax highlighting:

$ vim ~/.vimrc

and add:

syntax on

To get a list of supported colour schemes open vim and type:

:colorscheme[space][Ctrl+D]

To always use a particular colorscheme edit ~/.vimrc and add (for example):

colorscheme desert

Inserting a TAB character when expandtab is on

The problem here is that you have configured vim to insert spaces, but for a particular file (e.g. a Makefile) you need to insert a character.

Press Ctrl+V TAB to insert a literal tab character.

Or you can disable tab expansion altogether with:

:set expandtab!

Changing 2 space indent to 4 space indent (e.g. for python files)

:%s/^\s*/&&/g

For more information see here.

Recording and replaying a macro

To record a macro press 'q' and then a number between 1 and 9. E.g. press "q1". The macro is now recording. When you've finished issuing your commands press 'q' again to finish recording. To replay a macro press '@' followed by the number of the macro. That is, if you pressed "q1" to record the macro, press "@1" to replay the macro. To replay the last macro again press "@@".

Deleting to end of line

d$

Deleting to beginning of line

d^

Finding text

To search forward for "text":

/text

To search backward for "text":

?text

To repeat the last search in a forward direction press 'n', or to search again backwards press 'N'.

Finding and replacing text

To replace the first instance of "search" on the current line with "destroy":

:s/search/destroy/

To replace all instances of "search" on the current line with "destroy":

:s/search/destroy/g

To replace all instances of "search" on lines 13 to 37 with "destroy":

:13,37 s/search/destroy/g

To replace all instances of "search" in the entire file with "destroy":

:%s/search/destroy/g

Changing DOS/Windows line-endings (CRLF) to Unix line-endings

To set the line-ending to Unix line endings run the command:

:setlocal ff=unix

More information on managing file formats available here.

Disabling auto-indent etc. to paste from clipboard

To disable smart indenting when you're going to paste in text:

:set paste

To turn it off again:

:set nopaste

There's more info in this article: Toggle auto-indenting for code paste

Positioning windows

Use -o for horizontal split, e.g.:

vim -o a.txt b.txt

Use -O for vertical split, e.g.:

vim -o a.txt b.txt

Use ^W to navigate windows then use directional keys h, j, k, l, etc.

Use ^W and < or > to resize windows.

To indent a block of text in Vim

Use the > command. E.g. to indent five lines:

5 > >

Press . (dot) to keep indenting.

Or inside a block (e.g. curly brace, HTML/XML element, etc.) you can put your cursor in the element on on the curly brace and then:

> %

See here for more.

Open a file in a new window/tab

To open a file on the left hand side:

:vert new filename.ext

Note: ':vnew filename.ext' and ':vsp filename.ext' also work.

To open a file at the top:

:new filename.ext

See here for more.

Explore files in Vim

Enter:

:Explore

Switch between Vim tabs

Use gt and gT.

Switch between Vim windows

To toggle between open windows use:

Ctrl+W W

To move in a direction use:

Ctrl+W h/j/k/l

See here for more.

Insert block comment in Vim

See here for line-commenting.

So it's:

  1. Ctrl+V (Note: not Shift+V!)
  2. Up/Down to select rows
  3. Shift+I
  4. Enter your text, e.g. '#' or '//'
  5. Ctrl+[ (or 'Esc')

Navigate to matching tag

To navigate to the matching beginning or end tag use '%'.

You can also use e.g. '[{' to match the previous '{', or e.g. '])' to match the next ')'.

Auto-format HTML tags

Stolen from here.

  1. first join all the lines - ggVGgJ
  2. Now break tags to new lines - :%s/>\s*</>\r</g
  3. Now set filetype - :set ft=html (you can do this before too)
  4. Now Indent - ggVG=

Links

Create PDF from text using Vim

Generate PDF from input.txt with:

$ vim input.txt -c "hardcopy > doc.ps | q" && ps2pdf doc.ps

Examine output with:

$ okular doc.pdf

Write

Talking to other users on the system

write is a unix command for talking to other users on the system. To use write:

1. SSH to <username>@<hostname> and login with your username and password.

2. Issue the following command to find out who is logged onto the system:

$ who

3. Issue the following command to talk to a specific user:

$ write <username>

4. Enter the message you'd like to send the user, followed by Ctrl+C to send. Press Ctrl+D to cancel.

Date

Reporting the time on the server

$ date

Reporting UTC time

$ date --utc

Getting the date in yyyy-MM-dd-hhmmss format

$ date="`date +%F-%H%M%S`"

Getting the year in four digits

$ year="`date +%Y`"

Getting the month in two digits

$ month="`date +%m`"

Getting the day of the month in two digits

$ day="`date +%d`"

Getting yesterday's date

$ date --date='1 day ago' +%Y-%m-%d

Converting Unix time (seconds since epoch)

For timestamp '1501370200':

$ date -d @1501370200 +%F-%H%M%S

Running timedatectl from systemd

There's a new command bundled with systmed:

# timedatectl

It reports on (and controls) how the system time is configured.

MySQL (and MariaDB)

Run mysql without authentication/authorisation

# service mysql stop
# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &

Then you can connect without a password, e.g.:

# mysql -u root mysql

To stop the unauthenticated service:

# mysqladmin shutdown

Then restart a normal service:

# service mysql start

Logging all database queries

# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf

In the [mysqld] section add:

log=/tmp/mysql.log

Then:

# service mysql restart

Watch the log with:

# tail -f /tmp/mysql.log

Or:

SET GLOBAL log_output = 'FILE';
SET GLOBAL general_log_file = 'my_logs.txt';
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'ON';

my_logs.txt will be in /var/lib/mysql

Dumping a MySQL database

You can dump the database into a file using:

$ mysqldump -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename > filename

Loading a MySQL database from a dump file

You can create a database using:

$ echo create database databasename | mysql -h hostname -u user -p

You can restore a database using:

$ mysql -h hostname -u user --password=password databasename < filename

Creating a MySQL user

# mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
mysql> create user 'username'@'localhost' identified by '<password>';

Granting all MySQL user permissions

# mysql -h localhost -u root --password=<password>
mysql> grant all privileges on dbname.* to user@host;

Select domain name from email address

SELECT SUBSTR( email, INSTR( email, '@' ) + 1 )

Check if MySQL connection is encrypted with TLS/SSL

Check the SSL version in use:

show status like 'Ssl_version';

Or check the cipher in use:

show status like 'Ssl_cipher';

Report on server config

See SHOW Statements for the full list, but check out:

SHOW VARIABLES

and

SHOW STATUS

and

SHOW PROCESSLIST

Monitor MySQL activity

$ watch "mysql -t -e 'show processlist'"

Apache

Reporting loaded Apache modules

# apache2ctl -M

Maintaining .htaccess passwords

To add or modify the password for a user:

$ htpasswd /etc/apache2/passwd username

Configuring PHP session timeout in .htaccess

For a session timeout of 9 hours:

php_value session.cookie_lifetime 32400
php_value session.gc_maxlifetime 32400

Disabling PHP magic quotes in .htaccess

php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off

Requiring HTTP Auth in .htaccess

AuthType Basic
AuthName "Speak Friend And Enter"
AuthUserFile /home/jj5/.htpasswd
Require valid-user

Restarting Apache

The hard way

$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

The graceful way (avoids dropping active connections)

$ sudo apache2ctl graceful

Allowing directory browsing

To show directory index pages, in the apache config file:

<Directory /var/www/data>
  Options Indexes
</Directory>

C

Locating memset function

The memset function is in <string.h> as described in this article Using memset(), memcpy(), and memmove() in C

Links

PHP

Including a file relative to the including file

require_once( dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/relative/path/to.php' );

Enabling error reporting

error_reporting( E_ALL | E_STRICT );
ini_set( 'display_errors', 'On' );

Setting an error handler

set_error_handler( "error_handler", E_ALL | E_STRICT );
function error_handler( $error_code, $error_message, $error_file, $error_line, $error_context ) {
  // ...
}

Disable HTML content in var_dump

ini_set( 'html_errors', 'off' );

Report PHP modules

$ php -m

PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins

See Linux 25 PHP Security Best Practices For Sys Admins.

BASH scripting

For a primer on bash scripting see TFM: Erotic Fantasy: /bin/sh Programming.

Telling a script to run in bash

The first line of the file should be:

#!/bin/bash

Checking if a command-line argument was passed in

if [ -n "$1" ]; then
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
  exit 1;
fi

Checking if a command-line argument was not passed in

if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
  exit 1;
fi

Or:

if [ -z "$1" ]; then
  echo "Missing parameter 1.";
  exit 1;
fi

Checking command exit status

cd /my/path
if [ "$?" -ne "0" ]; then
  echo "Cannot change dir.";
  exit 1;
fi

Checking if a file does/doesn't exist

Check if file exists:

if [ -f "/my/file" ]; then
  cat /my/file
fi

Check if file doesn't exist:

if [ ! -f "/my/file" ]; then
  touch /my/file
fi

Checking if a directory does/doesn't exist

Check if directory exists:

if [ -d "/my/dir" ]; then
  rmdir /my/dir
fi

Check if directory doesn't exist:

if [ ! -d "/my/dir" ]; then
  mkdir /my/dir
fi

Deleting old backups

To keep only the latest five backups:

find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf '%T@ %p\0' | sort -r -z -n | awk 'BEGIN { RS="\0"; ORS="\0"; FS="" } NR > 5 { sub("^[0-9]*(.[0-9]*)? ", ""); print }' | xargs -0 rm -f

This script stolen from stackoverflow.

Requires GNU find for -printf, GNU sort for -z, GNU awk for "\0" and GNU xargs for -0, but handles files with embedded newlines or spaces.

Changing into the script's directory

cd "`dirname $0`"

Getting the absolute path of a relative path

readlink -f ./some/path

Creating a temp directory

dir=`mktemp -d` && cd $dir

Reading secret input from stdin

You can read a secret, such as a password, like this:

echo -n "Enter passphrase: "
stty -echo
read passphrase;
stty echo
echo ""

After running the above the secret will be in the $passphrase environment variable.

String replacements in bash

See the string manipulation doco. Basically, to replace first occurrence:

result=${var/find/replace}

To replace all occurrences:

result=${var//find/replace}

A practical example, get an ISO date and turn it into a path:

date="$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"
work_dir=${date//-//}

Sending a HEREDOC to a file

cat << EOF > /tmp/yourfilehere
These contents will be written to the file.
        This line is indented.
EOF

Bash case/switch statement

See using case statements, e.g.:

case $space in
[1-6]*)
  Message="All is quiet."
  ;;
[7-8]*)
  Message="Start thinking about cleaning out some stuff.  There's a partition that is $space % full."
  ;;
9[1-8])
  Message="Better hurry with that new disk...  One partition is $space % full."
  ;;
99)
  Message="I'm drowning here!  There's a partition at $space %!"
  ;;
*)
  Message="I seem to be running with an nonexistent amount of disk space..."
  ;;
esac

Using dotglob shopt to match dot-files

To enable dot-file matching in globs, set the dotglob shell option:

$ shopt -s dotglob

Stopping a script from running if it previously exited due to error

persistentDataDir=/var/lib/something
alarm() {
  touch $persistentDataDir/alarm
}
trap alarm ERR
[ -f $persistentDataDir/alarm ] && exit 1

Make sure only one instance of a script is running at a time

ephemeralDataDir=/var/run/something
unlock() {
  rmdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock
}
mkdir $ephemeralDataDir/lock || exit 1;
trap unlock EXIT

BASH programming advice

See Anybody can write good bash (with a little effort).

Run a command using arguments that come from an array

See here:

#!/bin/bash
tabs=("first tab" "second tab")
args=()
for t in "${tabs[@]}" ; do 
  args+=(-t "$t")
done
app "${args[@]}"

Display a CSV in columnar or tabular format

$ column -t -s , data.csv

Maximum command line length

Technically this is an operating system limit, not a BASH limit.

$ getconf ARG_MAX    # Get argument limit in bytes/chars

Sed

Find and replace with sed

To update the current file use '-i'. E.g.:

sed -i 's/search-text/replace-text/' file

Awk

Listing IP addresses in an Apache web log

awk '/GET \/path\/for\/url/ { print $1 }' /var/log/apache2/access.log | sort | uniq

Printing space-separated field

echo 'no no yes no' | awk '{print $3}'

Printing delimited field

echo 'no:no:yes:no' | awk -F ':' '{print $3}'

Subversion

Setting svn:externals from the command-line

See here.

To set an svn:externals from the command-line:

svn propset svn:externals 'rdfind-php https://www.progclub.org/svn/pcrepo/rdfind.php/branches/0.1' .
svn ci -m 'Adding svn:externals for rdfind-php...'
svn up

Or to use a file:

svn propset svn:externals -F svn.externals .

Setting svn:ignore from the command line

See here.

$ svn propset svn:ignore [file|folder] [path]

Or use a file and apply recursively:

$ svn propset svn:ignore -RF ./svn-ignore-list.txt .

Git

Showing status of working copy

git status

Showing repo history

git log

Showing remote repositories (including 'origin')

git remote -v

Handy git aliases

Save these to your ~/.gitconfig file.

For a nicer view of history than standard 'git log' -- colourful, one-line-per commit, etc:

 graph = !git log --all --graph --color --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline

To show only the files that have changed, rather than the full line-by-line content:

 dif   = !git diff --name-status

Show git remote URL

git config --get remote.origin.url

IRC

Instructing ChanServ to op an admin

/msg ChanServ op #channel user

E.g.

/msg ChanServ op #gnurc jj5

Sub 'op' for 'deop' to remove op privilege.

C++

C++ books

Books I want

Books I own

Books I'm not reading

Books I've read

C++ blogs/articles

C++ performance tips

  • ++c can be faster than c++.
  • use const for everything that you possibly can.
  • use 'inline' when you need to define a function in a header. Typically only do that if it's small and the increase in code size from inlining is worth the cost to avoid the cost of a function call. For anything except trivially small functions you'll probably need to profile to know if it's worth it.
  • don't use registers.
  • const rarely affects performance.
  • debunking a number of C++ myths that won't die.
  • std::sort<> is typically faster than qsort() because it can avoid indirection at runtime.
  • if you've got parallelisation going on, you may be able to just replace a std::for_each with a parallel equivalent.
  • read about performance cost of RTTI (Run Time Type Information) and how to disable it
  • don't use dynamic_cast because it is slow (typeid is faster but still relies on RTTI)
  • prefer unique_ptr to shared_ptr when possible. unique_ptr has less overhead.
  • Which is better, static or dynamic linking?
  • Integer vs Floating-Point performance

systemd

systemd is an init system used in most Linux distributions to bootstrap the user space and manage all processes subsequently.

Following a service log

e.g. for bind9:

# journalctl -f -u bind9

or for everything:

# journalctl -f

System status

To see spawned services hierarchy:

# systemctl status

Or for a specific service e.g.:

# systemctl status networking

SaltStack

Running a command on specified minions

From the salt master:

salt 'host' cmd.run 'update-locale'

From the salt minion:

salt-call cmd.run 'update-locale'

Running a command on all minions

salt '*' cmd.run 'update-locale'

Running a specific state file

From the salt master:

salt $MINION_ID state.sls $STATE_FILE

From the salt minion:

salt-call state.sls $STATE_FILE

Listing active jobs

salt-run jobs.active

Listing available grains

salt 'example' grains.items

Listing available pillar

salt 'example' pillar.items

Reporting a grain value

e.g. for the 'mem_total' grain:

salt '*' grains.item mem_total

Passing a variable into a Jinja template from a salt state (SLS)

e.g.: to pass 'zabbix_deb_{pkg,url}' variables into the source.txt template:

/srv/zabbix/release/{{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}.txt:
  file.managed:
    - template: jinja
    - user: root
    - group: root
    - mode: 644
    - source: salt://file/srv/zabbix/release/source.txt
    - require:
      - file: /srv/zabbix/release
    - default:
      zabbix_deb_pkg: {{ zabbix_deb_pkg }}
      zabbix_deb_url: {{ zabbix_deb_url }}

KDE

Running user login script (X11/XOrg/XWindows)

A way to run user login scripts which works for KDE Plasma (and apparently other X.Org Server X Window System environments) is to create a *.desktop file in ~/.config/autostart/. For example I have a ~/.config/autostart/ssh-add.desktop file with the following contents to register my SSH key in the SSH Agent:

[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=ssh-add
Comment=Adds my private key to my session.
Exec=/usr/bin/konsole -e 'ssh-add /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa'

Standard KDE shortcut key bindings

Name Shortcut Command
Send Ctrl+D Pause xdotool key "ctrl+d"
Insert comment F1 xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d ) $USER - "
Insert sydtime F4 xdotool type "$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S)"
Konsole Meta+T konsole
Dolphin Meta+E dolphin
Firefox ScrollLock firefox
Kate Ctrl+Shift+F12 kate
KCalc Ctrl+Shift+F11 kcalc

Shutting down KDE/Plasma

# /etc/init.d/sddm stop

VirtualBox

Mounting a VirtualBox VDI file

Note: instead of doing this consider booting with a live CD.

See here:

Install qemu if necessary:

# apt install qemu

Then you'll need to load the network block device module:

# rmmod nbd
# modprobe nbd max_part=16

Attach the .vdi image to one of the nbd you just created:

# qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 drive.vdi

Now you will get a /dev/nbd0 block device, along with several /dev/nbd0p* partition device nodes.

# mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt

Once you are done, unmount everything and disconnect the device:

# qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0

Elasticsearch

Report on health of your Elasticsearch cluster

$ curl http://localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty

Zabbix

Zabbix Agent on Mac OS X

Download and install agent.

Config file is here: /usr/local/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf

Unload agent with:

# launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist

Load agent with:

# launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.zabbix.zabbix_agentd.plist

To add a 'pki' group:

# dseditgroup -o create pki

To monitor syslog on Mac OS X:

# tail -f /var/log/system.log

Installing Zabbix Agent from source on Mac OS X

Download sources from https://www.zabbix.com/download_sources

$ brew update
$ brew install openssl
$ brew install pcre
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ ./configure --enable-agent --with-openssl=/usr/local/opt/openssl/
jj5@condor:~/Desktop/zabbix-4.4.7$ sudo make install

NetBeans

NetBeans shortcut keys

Keys Action
Ctrl+W Close active window
Alt+Shift+K Open in Terminal
Ctrl+U U Convert selected text to uppercase
Ctrl+U L Convert selected text to lowercase

XML

How to pretty-print an XML file

$ xmllint --format input.xml > output.xml

ApacheBench

Run a benchmark with ApacheBench

$ ab -n 1000 -c 100 https://www.example.com/